篇1：罗斯·奥古斯特·奥托简介
罗斯·奥古斯特·奥托简介
公元1832～公元1891
法国发明家尼考罗斯·奥古斯特·奥托在1876年制造出第一台四部冲程内燃机，那就是至今已生产出数以亿计的四部冲程内燃机的样机。
内燃机是一种用途非常广泛的机器：它驱动车辆和船只；它可以在工业的许多领域里使用；它是发明飞机必不可少的条件（到1939年第一架喷气式飞机飞上蓝天为止，所有的航空飞行都是用奥托四步冲程内燃机做动力）。但是内燃机最最重要的用途是驱动汽车。
在奥托的内燃机发明以前，人们就为制造汽车做了很多尝试。有些发明家如西格弗里德·马库斯（1875年）、埃特时纳·勒内瓦尔（1862年）和尼古拉斯·约瑟夫·卡格诺特（约1769年）甚至成功地制造出能跑的样机。但是由于没有适当类型的引擎──重量小功率大的引擎，这些样机都没有实用价值。但是在奥托发明出四部冲程引擎还不到十五年的时间里，有两位发明家卡尔·本兹和戈特利布·戴姆勒各自都制造出实用而畅销的汽车。从那时以来许多其它类型的引擎也用来驱动汽车。用蒸汽、电磁或其它手段来驱动汽车将来终究会显示出无比的优越性，这是无可非议的。但是在过去一个世纪里制造出的数以亿万计的汽车中有百分之九十九是使用四部冲程内燃机。柴油机使用的四部冲程基本上与奥托冲程相似，但是输入燃料的间隔不同，它是一种有独到之处的内燃机，用来驱动许多卡车、公共汽车和轮船。
一般认为绝大多数发明（除重要的武器和爆炸物之外）都有益于人类。例如，没有人会建议我们放弃冰箱和青霉素或严格限制对它们的使用。然而私人普遍使用汽车的弊病显而易见；它们引起噪音和空气污染，消耗绝无仅有的燃料资源，每年造成可怕的伤亡人数。
显然要是汽车不给我们带来许多益处的话，我们决不会想忍受它们的折磨。私人汽车比公共交通工具具有无限的灵活性。例如，与乘火车和地铁不同，乘自己的汽车会使你随心所欲，想什么时间走就什么时间走，想到哪儿去就到哪儿去，还可以坐至家门，它又快又舒适，携带行李方便极了。它们给我们选择在哪儿居住和怎样打发时光的范围扩展得空前广泛起来，大大增加了个人的自由。
所有这些益处是否值得社会为汽车所付出的代价，人们对此可能会有各种不同的看法，但是没有人会否认汽车对我们的文明世界产生了一种重大的影响。仅就美国在使用的一亿多辆汽车来说，它们每年运行乘客的行程将近两万亿英里──比步行、飞机、火车、轮船及所有其它类交通工具的里程的总和还要多。
为了适应汽车的需要，我们建设了大量的停车场和无尽的高速公路，沿途周围的整个风光也为之一新。反过来汽车为我们带来了从前世世代代都难以梦想到的灵活性，大多数有汽车的人现在举手可得的活动范围和便利条件比没有汽车不知要大上多少倍，它扩大了我们选择生活和工作地点的范围。由于有了汽车，先前只是市区居民才可能享有的许多便利现在郊区居民也同样可以得到（这也许是近几十年来美国郊区得以发展而与此同时市区衰落的主要潜在因素）。
尼考罗斯·奥古斯特·奥托于1832年出生在法国霍尔照森·镇。他在襁褓时父亲就去世了。奥托读书时是一个出色的学生，但却在十六岁从中学辍学，参加了工作，获得了经商的经验。一时他在一个小镇上的一家杂货店工作，随后在法兰克福市当一名店员，接着又成为一名推销员。
约在1860年，奥托听说艾蒂安·勒努瓦（1822年－19）最近发明了燃气机──第一台可使用的内燃机。奥托认识到如果勒努瓦燃气机能够使用液体燃料来开动，它的用途就会大大地增多，因为在这种情况下它不必与一个煤气管道相连接。他很快就发明出一种汽化器，但是他的专利申请却被专利局否决了，因为已经有人发明出类似的装置。
奥托并没有因此而灰心丧气，而是竭尽全力改革努勒瓦燃气机。早在1861年，他就设想要制造一台基本上全新型的引擎，一种使用四部冲程的引擎（与使用两部冲程的努勒瓦原型引擎不同）。1862年2月，奥托制造出一台四部冲程引擎工作样机。他在把这台新引擎变得实用的过程中遇到了困难，特别是在点火装置方面的困难，不久便把它搁置一旁。但是他又发明了“常压引擎”，一种革新的二部冲程引擎，靠煤气做动力。
1863年他获得该项革新的专利权，不久就找到了一个为他提供资助的伙伴，名叫尤金·兰根。他俩建立了一个小公司，继续改进引擎。1867年他们的二部冲程引擎在巴黎世界博览会上赢得一枚金牌。从此销路畅通；公司利润暴长。1872年他们聘请才华非凡、管理经验丰富的工程师戈特利叶博·戴姆勒帮助生产引擎。
虽然二部冲程引擎创利巨多，但是奥托还是念念不忘他最初设想的四部冲程引擎。他确信四部冲程引擎如果对燃料与空气的混合物先压缩后点火，就会比任何改进的勒努瓦二部冲程引擎在效率上都要高得多。1876年，奥托设计出来一个改进的点火系统，有了这个系统就可以制造出一台实用的四部冲程引擎。第一台这样的样机于185月制造出来了，翌年就获得了一项专利权。四部冲程引擎的功率和性能具有明显的优越性，因此一下子就打入了市场，大获成功。仅在随后的十年中就销售了三万多台，各种类型的勒努瓦引擎很快就被淘汰了。
1886年，奥托因发明四部冲程引擎而获得的德国专利权被一项专利权起诉给推翻了。原来法国人阿尔方斯·博。罗夏在1862年设计出一种基本相似的装置，并获得专利权。但是人们不应该把博·罗夏看作是一位有影响的人物，他的发明也从未打入市场，实际上他也从未制造出一台样机，奥托也不了解有关他发明的任何情况。奥托公司虽然失去了有价值的专利权，但是仍在继续赚钱。到1891年他去世时，公司生意兴隆，财值万贯。
1882年戈特利叶·博·戴姆勒离开了该公司，他决心要把奥托引擎应用到交通工具上去。1883年，他发明一种先进的点火系统（但不是今天普遍使用的那一种），使引擎能以700—900转／分的速率运转（奥托引擎的最大速率为180－200转／分），并且还煞费苦心制造出一台重量很轻的引擎。1885年他把一台引擎附系在一辆自行车上，由此制造出世界上第一台摩托车。翌年戴姆勒制造出他的第一辆四轮汽车。但是卡尔·本兹却抢先一步，他在几个月前就制造出了他的第一辆汽车──一 辆三轮汽车── 一辆无容否认的汽车。本兹的汽车与戴姆勒的汽车一样，也是用奥托引擎作动力。本兹引擎的转速远没有达到400转／秒的速率，这就不足以使他的汽车有实用价值。本兹不断地改进自己的汽车，几年内就成功地打入了市场。戈特利叶·博·戴姆勒的汽车比本兹的稍迟些打入市场，但也获得了成功。最后，本兹和戴姆勒两家公司合并成一家，著名的默西迪斯—本兹牌汽车就是由这家合并公司生产的。
在汽车发展中还有一位人物必须得提一提，他就是美国发明家和企业家亨利·福特。福特直到18才制造出他的第一台汽车。他的有名的t型牌汽车直到19才问世。福特并不是制造出价格合理的汽车的第一家厂商。欧尔德斯摩拜尔1901牌（650美元）和凯蒂莱克 1903牌（750美元）比最初的t型牌（875美元）便宜，而且也比福特更早期生产的任何牌汽车都便宜。但是t型车设计精良、坚固耐用，维修简便。而且福特还引进了大规模生产汽车的革新方法，使t型车的价格持续下降，因而使许多人都能够买得起。
内燃机和汽车具有惊人的重要性。如果一个人能独享发明它们的荣誉，他就会在本册中名列前茅。但是这些发明的主要荣誉应归于几个人：勒努瓦、奥托、戴姆勒、本兹和福特。在所有这些人当中，奥托做出的贡献最大。勒努瓦引擎确实是马力小，功率低，不能驱动汽车，但是奥托引擎却可以做到这一点。1876年在奥托发明了他的引擎之前，要制造实用的汽车几乎是不可能的，而在此之后实际上却又是很自然的。因此尼考罗斯·奥古斯特·奥托是当代世界真正的创造者之一。
篇2：奥托·冯·俾斯麦简介
奥托·冯·俾斯麦otto von bismarck介绍
1815-18
俾斯麦是德国近代史上一位举足轻重的人物。作为普鲁士德国容克资产阶级的最著名的政治家和外交家，他是“从上至下”统一德国的代表人物，其一生正是德国从封建专制社会过渡到资本主义，再走向资本主义列强的重要历史时期。
俾斯麦于184月1日出生于普鲁士雪恩豪森一家大容克贵族家庭，他的童年是在他父亲的庄园里度过的。大学期间，他曾与同学作过27次决斗。1835年于柏林大学毕业后，俾斯麦回到老家管理自己的两处领地。强壮的体格，粗野的个性，对待农民的残忍，追求目标的毅力和不择手段以及现实主义的态度，构成俾斯麦鲜明的性格特点。在19世纪40年代，俾斯麦政治上属于顽固的保守派，1848年革命时，俾斯麦在自己领地上组织军队，准备前往柏林“勤王救驾”，武力镇压革命。他尖刻地嘲讽法兰克福全德国民议会中资产阶级代表们的清谈阔论，主张用武力把它驱散。。因此，他能清楚地了解俄国和法国统治阶层的意愿和图谋。
自19世纪50年代后，俾斯麦的政治态度发生了一些变化。他已经受到资产阶级的影响，用资本主义的生产方式经营自己的庄园，逐渐成为资产阶级化的容克。俾斯麦意识到，德国的统一是无法阻止的，要挽救普鲁士君主政体和容克利益，只有掌握统一运动的领导权。这个领导权不能被德国资产阶级所掌握，更不能被无产阶级所掌握，而必须由普鲁士容克所掌握。因此，他一方面主张用强力压服资产阶级，镇压无产阶级的革命运动；另一方面他也清楚，欧洲列强，无论是法国还是俄国，都会阻止德国的统一。在德国内部，普鲁士的霸权一定会遇到奥地利的坚决反对。对于这些障碍，只能用武力作为后盾。
1862年6月，俾斯麦出任普鲁士的宰相兼外交大臣。同年9月，在普鲁士议会的首次演说中，他大声宣称：“德国所注意的不是普鲁士的自由主义，而是权力……普鲁士必须积聚自己的力量以待有利时机，这样的时机我们已经错过了好几次……当代的重大问题不是通过演说与多数人的决议所能解决的——这正是1848年和1849年的错误——而是要用铁和血。”俾斯麦的“铁和血”，是他统一德国的纲领和信条，他的“铁血宰相”的别称也由此而得名。俾斯麦正是凭靠这种暴力，大胆而又狡猾地利用国际纠纷和有利时机，决定性地使德国通过“自上而下“的道路统一起来。
俾斯麦统一德国的第一步，就是1864年初挑起对丹麦的战争，把属丹麦的石勒苏益格-荷尔施泰因两公国(居民多数为德意志人)并入德国。第二步是1866年挑起对奥地利的普奥战争。1866年7月3日在萨多瓦战役中，普鲁士获得决定性的胜利。根据1866年8月的布拉格和约，奥地利退出德意志联邦，普鲁士兼并了荷尔施泰因以及战争中站在奥方的几个德意志联邦诸侯国，统一了德意志的北部和中部，建立起在普鲁士领导下的北德意志联邦。
俾斯麦统一德国的第三步、就是1870年的反法战争。1870年9月17日，在俾斯麦的挑动下，法国向德国宣战。拿破仑三世吹嘘说，这只是一次“到柏林的军事散步”。但他碰到的已不是昔日的普鲁士，而是一个比较强大的、坚决反对分裂的德意志民族。他对德国事务的不断干涉，激起德国民族运动的高涨；同时欧洲列强因同法国有矛盾而宣告“中立”。俾斯麦利用这些有利因素取得节节胜利。1870年9月2日，德军在色当战役取得对法国的决定性胜利，生俘了拿破仑三世。至此，统一南德的障碍已除，德国的民族战争的任务已经完成。俾斯麦驱兵直入巴黎。1871年1月18日在凡尔赛宫宣告了德国的统一，成立了德意志帝国。俾斯麦也同时出任德意志帝国的宰相。
俾斯麦统一德国后，执行为大资产阶级和贵族地主利益服务的政策，推动了德国经济的发展。但他的“铁和血”却没有因此而停止。1871年他参与镇压了巴黎公社。在国内，他为了加紧镇压德国工人运动，于1878年颁布了所谓《镇压社会民主党企图危害社会治安的法令》(又叫《反社会主义者非常法》)；他对外组织军事集团，极力巩固德国在欧洲大陆的霸权地位。同时，在非洲、亚洲和太平洋地区掠夺殖民地同英国争夺世界霸权。到19世纪80年代末，俾斯麦的内外政策连遭失败，被迫于1890年3月17日下台。应该注意的是，俾斯麦本人虽然退出了历史舞台，但他的“铁血”政策却深深地影响了以后的德国历史。
篇3：奥斯托洛夫斯基英文简介
Nicholas Alekseyevich Ostrovsky (1904-1936), is the former Soviet Union famous proletarian writer, Bolshevik warrior. September 22, 1904 was born in the workers family. 30 years old on the battlefield, 16 years old in the fighting was seriously injured, 23-year-old blind, 25-year-old body paralyzed, December 22, 1936 died, only 32 years old. Which lasted for three years, to overcome the unimaginable difficulties, created the “steel is how to make” this immortal masterpiece, to achieve the ideal to return to combat positions. The end of the novel, said Paul in the near desperate expectations, and finally ushered in the state's telegram: “The novel is highly appreciated, about to publish, congratulations to success.” In real life, Nepal Ostrovsky Not so lucky, but experienced more hardships. After the novel was sent to the publishing house, the beginning had a closed shoulder. Later, after the efforts of friends, was a journalist carefully accepted. The protagonist Paul Kocha Jin in the hometown of martyrs before the tomb of a monologue, has become the motto of millions of young people: “people most precious is life, life only once.People's life should be spent: when he back In the past, not because of wasted years and regret, not because of mediocrity and shame; so that in the time of death he can say: 'my whole life and all the energy dedicated to the world's most magnificent cause - - fight for the liberation of mankind. '”
奥斯托洛夫斯基主要履历
Born in 1904 in the workers' family. After the primary church has graduated from elementary school, it has done a handyman.
In 1919 into the power plant when the furnace assistant. Joined the Communist Youth League in the same year, and participated in the Red Army went to the front.
In 1920, he was admitted to the railway factory as an assistant electrical technician.
1923 to 1924 as the Ukrainian border area of the Communist Youth League leadership work.
Joined the Communist Party in 1924.
1927 due to the deterioration of the disease and paralyzed, blind.
1933 wrote “how steel is made”.
In 1934 Ostrovsky joined the Soviet Writers Association.
In 1935, the Soviet government in recognition of his literary achievements, awarded him the Order of Lenin.
From 1934 onwards, he began writing novels that “the storm was born” (the first of the trilogy), which reflects the struggle of the proletariat for the Soviet regime during the civil war, until Ostrovsky died in 1936 , “The birth of the storm” was written in the first chapter.
On December 22, 1936, died.
篇4：奥斯托洛夫斯基英文简介
3139/5000Shíqī suì shí, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dàitóu cānjiā xiūjiàn yītiáo tiělù zhīxiàn de jiānjù gōngzuò. Zài tiělù gōngdì shàng, bù shǎo rén bèi èliè de tiáojiàn, jíbìng hé fěibāng de tōuxí duó qù shēngmìng. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī yǎo jǐn yáguān, pīnmìng gàn huó. Dàn zài jíjiāng jùngōng shí, tā shuāng xī hóngzhǒng. Bùlǚ jiānnán, bìngqiě gǎnrǎnle shānghán, hūnmí bù xǐng, bèi sòng huílǎojiā. Zài mǔqīn xīxīn zhàoliào xià, tā cái miǎnqiáng huóle guòlái. Chóng fǎn gōngchǎng hòu, tā yībiān láodòng, yībiān zài jìxiào xuéxí. Shāng bìng zhī shēn, jīng bù qǐ guòdù de xīnláo, jiànkāng zhuàngkuàng yuè lái yuè zāo, tā bèi sòng jìn liáoyǎngyuàn jìnxíng lǐliáo. Bìngqíng shāo yǒu hǎozhuǎn, yòu fǎnhuí jīfǔ, bìng hé xǔduō gòngqīngtuán yuán yīqǐ, zài méi xī shēn, cìgǔ lěng de héshuǐ zhōng qiǎngjiù mùcái, tā zàicì bìng dǎo le. Shíbā suì shí, yīliáo jiàndìng wěiyuánhuì wèi tā qiānfāle yī děng cánfèi zhèngmíng! Dànshì tā què cáng qǐ zhèngmíng, jìxù yāoqiú ānpái gōngzuò.
Shàonián shídài
ní gǔ lā·ā liè kè xiè yē wéi qí·ào sī tè luò fu sī jī shì èluósī rén, bùguò tā de chūshēng dì què zài wūkèlán. Fùqīn zài 1877 nián de tǔ é zhànzhēng shí céng shì yī míng pàobīng, tuìyì hòu yīzhí méiyǒu gùdìng gōngzuò, zhǐhǎo dào niàngjiǔ chǎng dāng jìjiégōng yě céng zàiwài cūn huò chéng lǐ dǎ línggōng. Hái dāngguò wǔ nián yóuchāi. Tā dàoguò bǐde bǎo, fúguò bīngyì, jiēchùguò jìnbù de dàxuéshēng, zhīdào yīxiē gémìng zhě yǔ shāhuáng zuò dòuzhēng de gùshì. Zhōngnián de pínkùn shǐ tā de píqì biàn de fēicháng huài, jīngcháng xùjiǔ hòu huí dào jiālǐ dǎ mà qī'érlǎoxiǎo. Mǔqīn chūshēn pínhán, xiǎo xiǎo niánjì jiù bùdé bù qù jǐ rénjiā gàn huó, fàng é, zhòng cài, zhàokàn háizi. Tāmen hūn hòu shēng xià liù gè er nǚ, yāozhéle liǎng gè. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zuìxiǎo, shàngmiàn yǒu liǎng gè jiejie, yīgè gēgē. Mǔqīn chúle zuòjiāwù dài háizi, hái tì rénjiā zuò zhēnxiàn, gěi fù rén dāng nǚ yōng, tiāntiān lèi de yāo dōu zhí bù qǐlái, měi yuè cái 5 gè lúbù. Yóuyú jiājìng pínkùn, zài xiāngcūn jiàohuì xiǎoxué cái niànle sān nián shū de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī biàn bèi pò chuòxué. Bùjiǔ, tā jìjū zài dāng sēnlín kānshǒu rén de wàigōng jiālǐ, tì rén fàng mǎ.
1914 Nián dì yīcì shìjiè dàzhàn bàofā, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī yījiā táonàn dào biānjìng xiǎochéngzhèn shě pèi tuō fu kǎ. Fùqīn zài chēzhàn zhǎodào yī fèn gōngzuò, mǔqīn zài yīgè shuìwù guān jiālǐ zuò chú niang. Shēnghuó shāowéi wěndìng yǐhòu, mǔqīn biàn bǎ gānggāng 10 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī sòng jìn zhèn shàng de yī suǒ xiǎoxué. Zài xuéxiào lǐ, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jīngcháng shòudào shàng shèngjīng kè de shénfù de chìzé. Yǒu yīcì, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī rènwéi tiānwén kè lǎoshī guānyú dìqiú qǐyuán de shuōfǎ hé nà wèi shénfù shuō de bùtóng, jiù qù zhǎo shénfù xiǎng wèn gè míngbái, shénfù dà fā qí huǒ, shǐjìn jiū zhù tā de ěrduo wǎng qiáng shàng zhuàng tā de tóu. Hòulái, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zài zhè wèi shénfù jiālǐ bǔkè shí, qiāoqiāo de zài tā jiā wéiguò fùhuó jié ér zhǔnbèi de shípǐn lǐ sāle yī bǎ huī, bù qiǎo bèi shénfù fāxiàn hòu gào dào xiàozhǎng nàlǐ, jiéguǒ, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī bèi xuéxiào kāi chúle.
Wèile shēngcún,12 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zhǐhǎo dào chēzhàn shítáng qù dāng shāo shuǐ gōng. Zài jiānkǔ de láozuò zhōng, zhè wèi nèixīn yǒuzhe qiángliè qiúzhī yù de shàonián tōngguò gè zhǒng bànfǎ, zhǎo lái xǔduō shūjí, kāishǐ zìxué. Yǒu yītiān bànyè lǐ, píjuàn zhī jí de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī wàngle guānshàng shuǐlóngtóu, jiù zài cháicáo duī shàng shuìzhele, děng lǐngbān de jìnlái fāxiàn shuǐliú biàndì shí, bǎ tā hěn hěn de zòule yī dùn. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dí gēgē dé zhī yǐhòu, jiù qù bǎ nàgè lǐngbān de zòu de bíqīngliǎnzhǒng, jiéguǒ bèi zhuā dào xiànbīng duì lǐ guānle 15 tiān. Cóngcǐ yǐhòu, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī gèngjiā zēnghèn tā zài shēnghuó zhōng suǒ kàn dào de zhǒngzhǒng chǒu'è xiànxiàng, nèixīn de fǎnkàng yìshí yě zhújiàn jiāshēnle.
Shísì suì hòu ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jìnfā diànchǎng, gěi sīlú gōng, diàngōng dǎxiàshǒu, yě gànguò jù mùchái, xiè méi děng záhuó. Tā cóngxiǎo jùyǒu jí qiáng de qiúzhī yù, kěwàng niànshū, dàn zhǐ duànduànxùxù dìshàngguò jǐ nián xué. Zài xuéxiào lǐ, tā bùjǐn chéng jì yōuxiù, érqiě shífēn huóyuè, shì lǎoshī de hǎo zhùshǒu. Tā shì xiěguò tónghuà, duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō he shīgē, zài xuéshēng zì biān shǒuxiě de “zázh씓qīngchūn de sècǎi” shàng fābiǎoguò xízuò. Tā hái xǐhuan yǎn huàjù, zuì ài dēngtái bànyǎn jùyǒu yīngxióng qìgài de juésè. Tā jǐ dù chuòxué, dàdū shì yóuyú pínqióng, yǒu yīcì zé shì yīnwèi chùfànle jiào shénxué kè de shénfù. Yúshì, zhè háizi xiǎng jǐn bànfǎ jiè shū, shènzhì bǎ wǔfàn ràng gěi bào fàn chī, huànqǔ bàokān lái kàn. Tā zài shí'èr suì jīng dōng nī yà tuījiàn zhī xià dúle ài'ěrlán nǚ zuòjiā fú ní qì de dàibiǎozuò “niúméng”, cóngcǐ, niúméng de xíngxiàng shēn shēn de yìn zàile tā de xīnkǎn lǐ.
Gémìng zhòng chéngzhǎng
shí yuè gémìng qiánxī, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī rènshile zài shě pèi tuō fu kǎ lǐngdǎo gōngrén dòuzhēng de fèi duō ěr hé lín ní kē. Zài zhè liǎng wèi bù'ěrshéwéikè de jiàoyù xià, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zǒu shàngle gémìng dàolù.
Zài gémìng shènglì hòu bùjiǔ, biānjìng xiǎo chéng shě pèi tuō fu kǎ yòu bèi déguó guǐzi hé bǐde liú lā fěi jūn zhànlǐng, yǐ lín ní kē wéishǒu de gémìng wěiyuánhuì zhuǎn rù dìxià jìxù duì dí dòuzhēng. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī yībiān zuò zágōng wéichí shēnghuó, yībiān qiāoqiāo wánchéng lín ní kē jiāo gěi tā de gémìng rènwù.
1919 Nián chūntiān, gémìng wěiyuánhuì wěiyuán fèi duō ěr bèi bǐde liú lā fěi jūn dàibǔ, nián jǐn 15 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dúzì yīrén máifú zài bǐde liú lā fěi jūn yājiè fèi duō ěr de lùshàng, chìshǒukōngquán de dǎdǎo yāsòng bīng, jiùchū fèi duō ěr, dàn tā zìjǐ què yīncǐ bèi bǔ rù yù. Zài yù zhōng, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī shòu jǐn kùxíng, fěi jūn shāngǎile tā de niánlíng, qìtú qiāngbì tā, xìnghǎo yǒu yīgè císhàn de fěi jūn shàngxiào lái chá jiān, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī cái xìng'ér huòshì. Tóngnián 7 yuè, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jiārù gòngchǎn zhǔyì qīngnián tuán,8 yuè tā zhìyuàn jiārù hóngjūn, bèi biān rù kè tuō fu sī jī lǚ tuán, kāifù qiánxiàn. Zài yǔ bái fěi zuòzhàn zhōng, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dàtuǐ shòushāng, shāng hǎo hòu, tā biàn jiārùle wēimíng yuǎnyáng de bù qióng ní dì yī qíbīng jūntuán. Jīngguò duō cì zhàndòu, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī chéngwéile yī míng chūsè de zhēnchá bīng, bìng duō cì shòudào tuán bù de tōnglìng jiājiǎng.
1920 Nián 8 yuè, zài sū bō zhànzhēng de jìngōng lǐ wò fu de zhàndòu zhōng, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī bèi pàodàn zhà shāng tóu bù hé fùbù, bèi sòng jìn jīfǔ lùjūn yīyuàn hòu tā zhěngzhěng hūnmíle 13 tiān. Zài yīhù rényuán de dàlì qiǎngjiù xià, tā zhōngyú wánqiáng de zhànshèngle sǐshén, dàn yīn lúgǔ bèi dǎ chuān, tā de yòu yǎn cóngcǐ shīmíng. Liǎng gè yuè zhīhòu, tā de shāngshì hái méiyǒu wánquán kāngfù biàn yāoqiú huí qiánxiàn, dànshì shàngjí juédìng bǎ tā liú zài hòufāng cānjiā sù fǎn wěiyuánhuì gōngzuò. Bùjiǔ, wèile zhàogù tā de shēntǐ, shěng tuánwěi bǎ tā pài dào jīfǔ tiělù gōngchǎng, fùzé chǎng lǐ de gòngqīngtuán gōngzuò.
1921 Nián qiūtiān, yóuyú tiělù línyè wěiyuánhuì lǐngdǎo rén xiāojí dàigōng, jiāzhī bǐde liú lā fěi jūn de pòhuài, yánhán zhōng de jīfǔ yánzhòng quēfá ránliào. Wèi liǎo jiějué ránliào wèntí, shàngjí juédìng zài jīfǔ fùjìn de bō yā kǎ'ěr zhàn xiūzhù yītiáo zhítōng fámù chǎng de qīngbiàn tiělù. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī bùgù shēntǐ xūruò, dàilǐng yī duì gòngqīngtuán yuán, rìyè fènzhàn zài fēng xuě jiāojiā de jiànzhú gōngdì shàng. Zài gōngchéng jíjiāng wánchéng de shíhou, shòuruò de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī huàn shàngle yánzhòng de cháng shānghán, bìngfā dà yè fèiyán, tǐwēn jíjù shàngshēng. Shàngjí pàichū yī zhī xiǎo fēnduì, bǎ yǎnyānyīxī de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī sòng huí jiāxiāng. Dāng tā de qīnrénmen bǎ tā cóng chēxiāng lǐ tái xiàlái shí, hái yǐwéi tā yǐjīng sǐle. Rán'ér, tā wòchuáng yīgè duō yuè hòu, zhōngyú dì sì cì zhànshèng sǐshén.
Gāngtiě jiùshì zhèyàng liàn chéng de
1924 nián 8 yuè 3 rì, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jiārùle gòngchǎndǎng, dāngshí tā cái nián jǐn 20 suì. Jiēzhe, tā céng rèn gòngchǎn zhǔyì qīngnián tuán shě pèi tuō fu kǎ de wěi shūjì hé wò lún zhōu tuánwěi wěiyuán děng zhíwù. Yóuyú tā jīngcháng bù fēn zhòuyè dì gōngzuò, tā de shēntǐ zhōngyú kuǎle xiàlái. Yīshēng rènwéi tā qián jǐchuí shòuguò ànshāng, zhōngshū shénjīng xìtǒng shòu dàole yánzhòng shānghài. Jǐnguǎn zǔzhī shàng duì tā jiābèi guānhuái, dàn zuìhòu,23 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī háishì quánshēn tānhuànle.
1930 Nián 4 yuè, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī hé qīzi bān dào mòsīkē, zhù zài kè lǔ bào tè jīn dàjiē yītiáo pìjìng de hútòng lǐ. Qiūtiān, tā kāishǐ zhuóshǒu chuàngzuò “gāngtiě shì zěnyàng liàn chéng de”. Zài dǎng hé zǔzhī de guānhuái xià, gěi tā pèibèile mìshū hé dǎzì yuán, shǐ tā de xiězuò sùdù dàdà tíshēngle. Jǐn yòng yī nián shíjiān, zhè běn shū de shàng juǎn biàn wánchéngle.1932 Nián 4 yuè, zài “qīngnián jìn wèi jūn” zázhì shàng kāishǐ liánzài “gāngtiě shì zěnyàng liàn chéng de”.1934 Nián, gāi shū dānxíngběn zhèngshì chūbǎn fāxíng, jiēzhe zài guónèi wài yǐnqǐle qiángliè de fǎnxiǎng. Guónèi yīxiē zhīmíng rénshì hé zhùmíng zuòjiā fēnfēn xiě xìn xiàng ào sī tè luò fu sī jī biǎoshì chónggāo de jìngyì, lǎo zuòjiā tuǒ lā fēi mò wéi qí hé lièníng de dìmèi dōu tèyì gǎn dào ào sī tè luò fu sī jī suǒzài de liáoyǎngyuàn, xiàng tā biǎoshì zhùhè.
“Gāngtiě shì zěnyàng liàn chéng de” zì fābiǎo hòu 20 niánjiān, jǐn zài sūlián biàn yòng 43 zhǒng mínzú yǔyán chūbǎn 150 duō cì. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jīchéngle quán shìjiè wénmíng de wúchǎn jiējí zuòjiā. Yóuqí shì shū zhōng zhǔréngōng bǎo ěr·kē chá jīn zài jiāxiāng lièshì mùqián de yīduàn dúbái, chéngwéile qiān bǎi wàn qīngnián de zuòyòumíng:“Rén zuì bǎoguì de dōngxi shì shēngmìng. Zhè shēngmìng, rén zhǐ néng dédào yī cì. Rén de yīshēng yīngdāng zhèyàng dùguò: Dāng tā huíyì wǎngshì de shíhou, tā bù zhìyú yīnwèi xūdù niánhuá ér huǐhèn, yě bù zhìyú yīn wéi guòqù de lùlù wúwéi ér xiūkuì; zài lín sǐ de shíhou, tā nénggòu shuō: Wǒ de zhěnggè shēngmìng hé quánbù jīnglì, dōu yǐjīng xiàn gěile shìjiè shàng zuì zhuànglì de shìyè——wéi rénlèi de jiěfàng ér dòuzhēng.”
1936 Nián 4 yuè, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī de fùqīn qùshì, liǎng gè yuè hòu, tāsuǒ jìngyǎng de wěidà de wúchǎn jiējí zuòjiā gāo'ěrjī shìshì, zhè jiēlián de dǎjí shǐ ào sī tè luò fu sī jī de bìngqíng jíjù èhuà.12 Yuè 22 rì, zhè wèi jiānqiáng de bù'ěrshéwéikè zhànshì, zhùmíng de wúchǎn jiējí zuò jiā zhōngyú yǔshìchángcí. Tā liú xià de zuìhòu de zuòpǐn, shì yī běn gěi háizimen kàn de shū:“Kē chá jīn de xìngfú”.At the age of seventeen, Ostrovsky took the lead in participating in the construction of a railway branch of the arduous work. In the railway site, many people were bad conditions, disease and gang attack took life.Ostrovsky clenched his teeth and worked hard. But at the time of completion, his knees are swollen, struggling, and infected with typhoid fever, unconscious, was sent back home. In the mother care, he barely survived. After returning to the factory, he was working while he was studying. Injured body, can not stand too hard, health is getting worse, he was sent to the nursing home for physical therapy. The condition improved slightly, and returned to Kiev, and together with many members of the Communist Youth League, in the knee without deep, biting cold water to rescue the wood, he fell ill again. At the age of eighteen, the Medical Appraisal Committee issued a first-class disability certificate for him! But he concealed and continued to ask for work.
Teenager
Nikolai Alekseyevich Ostrovsky is a Russian, but his birthplace is in Ukraine. Father in 1877 when the Russian War was an artillery, after retirement has been no fixed work, had to the winery when the seasonal workers have been in the village or the city odd jobs. Also had five years postman. He went to Petersburg, served military service, contact with the progress of college students, know some revolutionaries and the tsar to fight the story. The poverty of the year made his temper very bad, often after drinking home and scolded his wife and children. Mother was born poor, young age had to go to people to work, goose, vegetables, care for children. They gave birth to six children after marriage, died two. Ostrovsky is the smallest, with two sisters and one brother. Mother in addition to doing housework with children, but also for others to do needle and thread, to the rich when the maid, every day tired of the waist are straight up, only five rubles per month. Ostrovsky was forced to drop out of school because of his family poverty and a three-year book in a village church elementary school. Soon, he sojourned as a forest guard's grandfather's house, for people to put the horse.
The outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Ostrovsky, fled to the small town of the town of Sheppertov. Father found a job at the station, the mother in a tax officer home cooker. After a little stability of life, the mother put just 10-year-old Ostrovsky sent to the town of a primary school. In the school, Ostrovsky was often reprimanded by priests of the Bible class. On one occasion, Ostrovsky thought that the astronomy class teacher's argument about the origin of the earth was different from that of the priest, and went to the priest to ask, and that the priest had made a fire and grabbed his ear Hit his head on his head. Later, Ostrovsky in the priest's home make up classes, quietly in his home for Easter and prepared food sprinkled a gray, unfortunately found by the priest found the principal there, the results, Ostrovsky was dismissed from the school.
In order to survive, 12-year-old Ostrovsky had to go to the station cafeteria to burn water workers. In the hard work, the heart has a strong curiosity of the juvenile through a variety of ways, find a lot of books, began to self-study. One day and a half night, the most tired of Ostrowsky forget to close the faucet, fell asleep on the pile of firewood, and other foreman came in and found the water everywhere, he severely beaten a meal. Ostrovsky's brother learned that, after that, the leader was beaten and swollen, and the result was caught in the gendarmerie for 15 days. Since then, Ostrovsky has more hatred of all the ugly phenomena he saw in his life, and his inner sense of revolt has gradually deepened.
After fourteen years old Ostrovsky into the power plant, to the furnace workers, electricians to start hand, but also dry saw firewood, coal unloading and other chores. He has a very strong curiosity, eager to study, but only on a few years to learn. In school, he not only excellent results, and very active, is a good assistant teacher. He has written a fairy tale, short stories and poetry, published in the students' handwritten “magazine” “youthful colors”. He also likes to play drama, favorite stage to play a heroic role. He dropped out of school several times, mostly because of poverty, and once because of the priest who had violated the teaching of theology. So, the child tried to borrow books, and even let the lunch to the newspaper to eat, in exchange for newspapers and periodicals. He was twelve years old by the Dong Niya recommended reading of the Irish women writer Fu Nichi's masterpiece “Gadfly”, since then, the image of the Gadfly deeply printed in his heart.
Grow in the revolution
On the eve of the October Revolution, Ostrovsky met Fidor and Linnick in the struggle of the Shepherd Traffe to lead the workers. In the two Bolshevik education, Ostrovsky embarked on a revolutionary path.
Shortly after the victory of the revolution, the border town of Perezovska was the German devils and Peter left the bandits army occupation, led by the Revolutionary Committee led by Lin Nico to continue to fight against the enemy. Ostrovsky, while doing the handyman to keep life, while quietly completed Lin Nike to his revolutionary mission.
In the spring of 1919, the commissioner of the Revolutionary Committee, Fedor, was arrested by Peter's bandit army, and only 15-year-old Ostrovsky was lying alone on the way to the prisoners of Pietro, Soldiers, rescued Fredor, but he was arrested and imprisoned. In prison, Ostrovsky was tortured, the bandits removed his age, attempted to shoot him, but fortunately there was a charity bandit army to inspect the prison, Ostrovsky was lucky enough to release. In July the same year, Ostrovsky joined the communist youth group, in August he volunteered to join the Red Army, was incorporated into the Ketovsky Brigade, went to the front. In the fight with the white bandits, Ostrovsky thigh injury, hurt, he joined the prestigious Bujoni first cavalry regiment. After many fights, Ostrovsky became an excellent scout, and many times by the regiment's order awards.
In August 1920, in the battle of the Soviet-Polish war, Ostrovsky was bombarded with the head and abdomen, and was sent to the Kiev Army Hospital after he was unconscious for 13 days. In the medical staff of the rescue, he finally stubbornly overcome the death, but the skull was pierced, his right eye from the blind. Two months later, his injury has not yet fully recovered and asked to go back to the front, but the higher decision to stay in the rear to participate in the anti-corruption committee work. Soon, in order to take care of his body, the provincial Communist Youth League sent him to the Kiev railway factory, responsible for the work of the Communist Youth League.
In the autumn of 1921, due to the passive slowdown of the leaders of the Railway Forestry Commission, coupled with the destruction of Peter's bandits, the severe lack of fuel in Kiev. In order to solve the fuel problem, the higher authorities decided to build a straight railroad at the Bogulkar station near Kiev. Ostrovsky, regardless of physical weakness, led a team of Communist Youth League members, day and night fighting in the snow on the construction site. When the project is about to complete, the thin Ostrovsky suffering from severe typhoid fever, complicated with large leaf pneumonia, the body temperature rose sharply. The superiors sent a squad to send the dying Ostrovsky home. When his relatives took him off the carriage, he thought he was dead. However, he was bed more than a month later, and finally the fourth victory over death.
Iron and steel is so made
August 3, 1924, Ostrovsky joined the Communist Party, when he was only 20 years old. Then he served as secretary of the Communist Youth League Patekov card to the Committee and the Warren State League Committee and other duties. As he often worked day and night, his body finally collapsed down. The doctor thought that his anterior spine had been wounded and the central nervous system had been seriously injured.Despite the organization on his doubly caring, but in the end, 23-year-old Ostrovsky or paralyzed the whole body.
In April 1930, Ostrovsky and his wife moved to Moscow, living in a secluded alley in Krupptkin Street. In autumn, he began to create “how steel is made”. Under the care of the party and the organization, he was equipped with secretaries and typists, so that his writing speed greatly improved. In just one year, the book was finished. In April 1932, in the “Youth Guards” magazine began to serial “steel is how to make”. In 1934, the book was officially published, and then at home and abroad caused a strong reaction. Some well-known domestic and famous writers have written to Ostrovsky expressed high respect, the old writers Tu La Fei Mo Weiwei and Lenin's siblings are deliberately rushed to Ostrovsky where the nursing home, Congratulate him.
“Iron and steel is how to make” Since the publication of 20 years, only in the Soviet Union will use 43 kinds of national language published more than 150 times. Ostrovsky became the world famous proletarian writer. In particular, the book hero Paul Kocha Jin in the hometown of martyrs before the tomb of a monologue, became the motto of millions of young people: “The most precious thing is life.” This life, people can only get a person's life should be This time: when he recalls the past, he will not because of wasted years of regret and regret, but also because of the past mediocrity and shame; in the time of death, he can say: my whole life and all the energy, are Has been dedicated to the world 's most magnificent cause - for the liberation of mankind.
In April 1936, Ostrovsky's father died, two months later, he admired the great proletarian writer Golgi's death, this series of attacks to Ostrovsky's condition deteriorated dramatically. December 22, the strong Bolshevik warrior, the famous proletarian writer finally died. The last thing he left was a book to the children: “Kochkin's happiness.”
3139/5000Shíqī suì shí, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dàitóu cānjiā xiūjiàn yītiáo tiělù zhīxiàn de jiānjù gōngzuò. Zài tiělù gōngdì shàng, bù shǎo rén bèi èliè de tiáojiàn, jíbìng hé fěibāng de tōuxí duó qù shēngmìng. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī yǎo jǐn yáguān, pīnmìng gàn huó. Dàn zài jíjiāng jùngōng shí, tā shuāng xī hóngzhǒng. Bùlǚ jiānnán, bìngqiě gǎnrǎnle shānghán, hūnmí bù xǐng, bèi sòng huílǎojiā. Zài mǔqīn xīxīn zhàoliào xià, tā cái miǎnqiáng huóle guòlái. Chóng fǎn gōngchǎng hòu, tā yībiān láodòng, yībiān zài jìxiào xuéxí. Shāng bìng zhī shēn, jīng bù qǐ guòdù de xīnláo, jiànkāng zhuàngkuàng yuè lái yuè zāo, tā bèi sòng jìn liáoyǎngyuàn jìnxíng lǐliáo. Bìngqíng shāo yǒu hǎozhuǎn, yòu fǎnhuí jīfǔ, bìng hé xǔduō gòngqīngtuán yuán yīqǐ, zài méi xī shēn, cìgǔ lěng de héshuǐ zhōng qiǎngjiù mùcái, tā zàicì bìng dǎo le. Shíbā suì shí, yīliáo jiàndìng wěiyuánhuì wèi tā qiānfāle yī děng cánfèi zhèngmíng! Dànshì tā què cáng qǐ zhèngmíng, jìxù yāoqiú ānpái gōngzuò.
Shàonián shídài
ní gǔ lā·ā liè kè xiè yē wéi qí·ào sī tè luò fu sī jī shì èluósī rén, bùguò tā de chūshēng dì què zài wūkèlán. Fùqīn zài 1877 nián de tǔ é zhànzhēng shí céng shì yī míng pàobīng, tuìyì hòu yīzhí méiyǒu gùdìng gōngzuò, zhǐhǎo dào niàngjiǔ chǎng dāng jìjiégōng yě céng zàiwài cūn huò chéng lǐ dǎ línggōng. Hái dāngguò wǔ nián yóuchāi. Tā dàoguò bǐde bǎo, fúguò bīngyì, jiēchùguò jìnbù de dàxuéshēng, zhīdào yīxiē gémìng zhě yǔ shāhuáng zuò dòuzhēng de gùshì. Zhōngnián de pínkùn shǐ tā de píqì biàn de fēicháng huài, jīngcháng xùjiǔ hòu huí dào jiālǐ dǎ mà qī'érlǎoxiǎo. Mǔqīn chūshēn pínhán, xiǎo xiǎo niánjì jiù bùdé bù qù jǐ rénjiā gàn huó, fàng é, zhòng cài, zhàokàn háizi. Tāmen hūn hòu shēng xià liù gè er nǚ, yāozhéle liǎng gè. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zuìxiǎo, shàngmiàn yǒu liǎng gè jiejie, yīgè gēgē. Mǔqīn chúle zuòjiāwù dài háizi, hái tì rénjiā zuò zhēnxiàn, gěi fù rén dāng nǚ yōng, tiāntiān lèi de yāo dōu zhí bù qǐlái, měi yuè cái 5 gè lúbù. Yóuyú jiājìng pínkùn, zài xiāngcūn jiàohuì xiǎoxué cái niànle sān nián shū de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī biàn bèi pò chuòxué. Bùjiǔ, tā jìjū zài dāng sēnlín kānshǒu rén de wàigōng jiālǐ, tì rén fàng mǎ.
1914 Nián dì yīcì shìjiè dàzhàn bàofā, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī yījiā táonàn dào biānjìng xiǎochéngzhèn shě pèi tuō fu kǎ. Fùqīn zài chēzhàn zhǎodào yī fèn gōngzuò, mǔqīn zài yīgè shuìwù guān jiālǐ zuò chú niang. Shēnghuó shāowéi wěndìng yǐhòu, mǔqīn biàn bǎ gānggāng 10 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī sòng jìn zhèn shàng de yī suǒ xiǎoxué. Zài xuéxiào lǐ, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jīngcháng shòudào shàng shèngjīng kè de shénfù de chìzé. Yǒu yīcì, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī rènwéi tiānwén kè lǎoshī guānyú dìqiú qǐyuán de shuōfǎ hé nà wèi shénfù shuō de bùtóng, jiù qù zhǎo shénfù xiǎng wèn gè míngbái, shénfù dà fā qí huǒ, shǐjìn jiū zhù tā de ěrduo wǎng qiáng shàng zhuàng tā de tóu. Hòulái, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zài zhè wèi shénfù jiālǐ bǔkè shí, qiāoqiāo de zài tā jiā wéiguò fùhuó jié ér zhǔnbèi de shípǐn lǐ sāle yī bǎ huī, bù qiǎo bèi shénfù fāxiàn hòu gào dào xiàozhǎng nàlǐ, jiéguǒ, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī bèi xuéxiào kāi chúle.
Wèile shēngcún,12 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zhǐhǎo dào chēzhàn shítáng qù dāng shāo shuǐ gōng. Zài jiānkǔ de láozuò zhōng, zhè wèi nèixīn yǒuzhe qiángliè qiúzhī yù de shàonián tōngguò gè zhǒng bànfǎ, zhǎo lái xǔduō shūjí, kāishǐ zìxué. Yǒu yītiān bànyè lǐ, píjuàn zhī jí de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī wàngle guānshàng shuǐlóngtóu, jiù zài cháicáo duī shàng shuìzhele, děng lǐngbān de jìnlái fāxiàn shuǐliú biàndì shí, bǎ tā hěn hěn de zòule yī dùn. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dí gēgē dé zhī yǐhòu, jiù qù bǎ nàgè lǐngbān de zòu de bíqīngliǎnzhǒng, jiéguǒ bèi zhuā dào xiànbīng duì lǐ guānle 15 tiān. Cóngcǐ yǐhòu, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī gèngjiā zēnghèn tā zài shēnghuó zhōng suǒ kàn dào de zhǒngzhǒng chǒu'è xiànxiàng, nèixīn de fǎnkàng yìshí yě zhújiàn jiāshēnle.
Shísì suì hòu ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jìnfā diànchǎng, gěi sīlú gōng, diàngōng dǎxiàshǒu, yě gànguò jù mùchái, xiè méi děng záhuó. Tā cóngxiǎo jùyǒu jí qiáng de qiúzhī yù, kěwàng niànshū, dàn zhǐ duànduànxùxù dìshàngguò jǐ nián xué. Zài xuéxiào lǐ, tā bùjǐn chéng jì yōuxiù, érqiě shífēn huóyuè, shì lǎoshī de hǎo zhùshǒu. Tā shì xiěguò tónghuà, duǎnpiān xiǎoshuō he shīgē, zài xuéshēng zì biān shǒuxiě de “zázh씓qīngchūn de sècǎi” shàng fābiǎoguò xízuò. Tā hái xǐhuan yǎn huàjù, zuì ài dēngtái bànyǎn jùyǒu yīngxióng qìgài de juésè. Tā jǐ dù chuòxué, dàdū shì yóuyú pínqióng, yǒu yīcì zé shì yīnwèi chùfànle jiào shénxué kè de shénfù. Yúshì, zhè háizi xiǎng jǐn bànfǎ jiè shū, shènzhì bǎ wǔfàn ràng gěi bào fàn chī, huànqǔ bàokān lái kàn. Tā zài shí'èr suì jīng dōng nī yà tuījiàn zhī xià dúle ài'ěrlán nǚ zuòjiā fú ní qì de dàibiǎozuò “niúméng”, cóngcǐ, niúméng de xíngxiàng shēn shēn de yìn zàile tā de xīnkǎn lǐ.
Gémìng zhòng chéngzhǎng
shí yuè gémìng qiánxī, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī rènshile zài shě pèi tuō fu kǎ lǐngdǎo gōngrén dòuzhēng de fèi duō ěr hé lín ní kē. Zài zhè liǎng wèi bù'ěrshéwéikè de jiàoyù xià, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī zǒu shàngle gémìng dàolù.
Zài gémìng shènglì hòu bùjiǔ, biānjìng xiǎo chéng shě pèi tuō fu kǎ yòu bèi déguó guǐzi hé bǐde liú lā fěi jūn zhànlǐng, yǐ lín ní kē wéishǒu de gémìng wěiyuánhuì zhuǎn rù dìxià jìxù duì dí dòuzhēng. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī yībiān zuò zágōng wéichí shēnghuó, yībiān qiāoqiāo wánchéng lín ní kē jiāo gěi tā de gémìng rènwù.
1919 Nián chūntiān, gémìng wěiyuánhuì wěiyuán fèi duō ěr bèi bǐde liú lā fěi jūn dàibǔ, nián jǐn 15 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dúzì yīrén máifú zài bǐde liú lā fěi jūn yājiè fèi duō ěr de lùshàng, chìshǒukōngquán de dǎdǎo yāsòng bīng, jiùchū fèi duō ěr, dàn tā zìjǐ què yīncǐ bèi bǔ rù yù. Zài yù zhōng, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī shòu jǐn kùxíng, fěi jūn shāngǎile tā de niánlíng, qìtú qiāngbì tā, xìnghǎo yǒu yīgè císhàn de fěi jūn shàngxiào lái chá jiān, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī cái xìng'ér huòshì. Tóngnián 7 yuè, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jiārù gòngchǎn zhǔyì qīngnián tuán,8 yuè tā zhìyuàn jiārù hóngjūn, bèi biān rù kè tuō fu sī jī lǚ tuán, kāifù qiánxiàn. Zài yǔ bái fěi zuòzhàn zhōng, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī dàtuǐ shòushāng, shāng hǎo hòu, tā biàn jiārùle wēimíng yuǎnyáng de bù qióng ní dì yī qíbīng jūntuán. Jīngguò duō cì zhàndòu, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī chéngwéile yī míng chūsè de zhēnchá bīng, bìng duō cì shòudào tuán bù de tōnglìng jiājiǎng.
1920 Nián 8 yuè, zài sū bō zhànzhēng de jìngōng lǐ wò fu de zhàndòu zhōng, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī bèi pàodàn zhà shāng tóu bù hé fùbù, bèi sòng jìn jīfǔ lùjūn yīyuàn hòu tā zhěngzhěng hūnmíle 13 tiān. Zài yīhù rényuán de dàlì qiǎngjiù xià, tā zhōngyú wánqiáng de zhànshèngle sǐshén, dàn yīn lúgǔ bèi dǎ chuān, tā de yòu yǎn cóngcǐ shīmíng. Liǎng gè yuè zhīhòu, tā de shāngshì hái méiyǒu wánquán kāngfù biàn yāoqiú huí qiánxiàn, dànshì shàngjí juédìng bǎ tā liú zài hòufāng cānjiā sù fǎn wěiyuánhuì gōngzuò. Bùjiǔ, wèile zhàogù tā de shēntǐ, shěng tuánwěi bǎ tā pài dào jīfǔ tiělù gōngchǎng, fùzé chǎng lǐ de gòngqīngtuán gōngzuò.
1921 Nián qiūtiān, yóuyú tiělù línyè wěiyuánhuì lǐngdǎo rén xiāojí dàigōng, jiāzhī bǐde liú lā fěi jūn de pòhuài, yánhán zhōng de jīfǔ yánzhòng quēfá ránliào. Wèi liǎo jiějué ránliào wèntí, shàngjí juédìng zài jīfǔ fùjìn de bō yā kǎ'ěr zhàn xiūzhù yītiáo zhítōng fámù chǎng de qīngbiàn tiělù. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jī bùgù shēntǐ xūruò, dàilǐng yī duì gòngqīngtuán yuán, rìyè fènzhàn zài fēng xuě jiāojiā de jiànzhú gōngdì shàng. Zài gōngchéng jíjiāng wánchéng de shíhou, shòuruò de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī huàn shàngle yánzhòng de cháng shānghán, bìngfā dà yè fèiyán, tǐwēn jíjù shàngshēng. Shàngjí pàichū yī zhī xiǎo fēnduì, bǎ yǎnyānyīxī de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī sòng huí jiāxiāng. Dāng tā de qīnrénmen bǎ tā cóng chēxiāng lǐ tái xiàlái shí, hái yǐwéi tā yǐjīng sǐle. Rán'ér, tā wòchuáng yīgè duō yuè hòu, zhōngyú dì sì cì zhànshèng sǐshén.
Gāngtiě jiùshì zhèyàng liàn chéng de
1924 nián 8 yuè 3 rì, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī jiārùle gòngchǎndǎng, dāngshí tā cái nián jǐn 20 suì. Jiēzhe, tā céng rèn gòngchǎn zhǔyì qīngnián tuán shě pèi tuō fu kǎ de wěi shūjì hé wò lún zhōu tuánwěi wěiyuán děng zhíwù. Yóuyú tā jīngcháng bù fēn zhòuyè dì gōngzuò, tā de shēntǐ zhōngyú kuǎle xiàlái. Yīshēng rènwéi tā qián jǐchuí shòuguò ànshāng, zhōngshū shénjīng xìtǒng shòu dàole yánzhòng shānghài. Jǐnguǎn zǔzhī shàng duì tā jiābèi guānhuái, dàn zuìhòu,23 suì de ào sī tè luò fu sī jī háishì quánshēn tānhuànle.
1930 Nián 4 yuè, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī hé qīzi bān dào mòsīkē, zhù zài kè lǔ bào tè jīn dàjiē yītiáo pìjìng de hútòng lǐ. Qiūtiān, tā kāishǐ zhuóshǒu chuàngzuò “gāngtiě shì zěnyàng liàn chéng de”. Zài dǎng hé zǔzhī de guānhuái xià, gěi tā pèibèile mìshū hé dǎzì yuán, shǐ tā de xiězuò sùdù dàdà tíshēngle. Jǐn yòng yī nián shíjiān, zhè běn shū de shàng juǎn biàn wánchéngle.1932 Nián 4 yuè, zài “qīngnián jìn wèi jūn” zázhì shàng kāishǐ liánzài “gāngtiě shì zěnyàng liàn chéng de”.1934 Nián, gāi shū dānxíngběn zhèngshì chūbǎn fāxíng, jiēzhe zài guónèi wài yǐnqǐle qiángliè de fǎnxiǎng. Guónèi yīxiē zhīmíng rénshì hé zhùmíng zuòjiā fēnfēn xiě xìn xiàng ào sī tè luò fu sī jī biǎoshì chónggāo de jìngyì, lǎo zuòjiā tuǒ lā fēi mò wéi qí hé lièníng de dìmèi dōu tèyì gǎn dào ào sī tè luò fu sī jī suǒzài de liáoyǎngyuàn, xiàng tā biǎoshì zhùhè.
“Gāngtiě shì zěnyàng liàn chéng de” zì fābiǎo hòu 20 niánjiān, jǐn zài sūlián biàn yòng 43 zhǒng mínzú yǔyán chūbǎn 150 duō cì. Ào sī tè luò fu sī jīchéngle quán shìjiè wénmíng de wúchǎn jiējí zuòjiā. Yóuqí shì shū zhōng zhǔréngōng bǎo ěr·kē chá jīn zài jiāxiāng lièshì mùqián de yīduàn dúbái, chéngwéile qiān bǎi wàn qīngnián de zuòyòumíng:“Rén zuì bǎoguì de dōngxi shì shēngmìng. Zhè shēngmìng, rén zhǐ néng dédào yī cì. Rén de yīshēng yīngdāng zhèyàng dùguò: Dāng tā huíyì wǎngshì de shíhou, tā bù zhìyú yīnwèi xūdù niánhuá ér huǐhèn, yě bù zhìyú yīn wéi guòqù de lùlù wúwéi ér xiūkuì; zài lín sǐ de shíhou, tā nénggòu shuō: Wǒ de zhěnggè shēngmìng hé quánbù jīnglì, dōu yǐjīng xiàn gěile shìjiè shàng zuì zhuànglì de shìyè——wéi rénlèi de jiěfàng ér dòuzhēng.”
1936 Nián 4 yuè, ào sī tè luò fu sī jī de fùqīn qùshì, liǎng gè yuè hòu, tāsuǒ jìngyǎng de wěidà de wúchǎn jiējí zuòjiā gāo'ěrjī shìshì, zhè jiēlián de dǎjí shǐ ào sī tè luò fu sī jī de bìngqíng jíjù èhuà.12 Yuè 22 rì, zhè wèi jiānqiáng de bù'ěrshéwéikè zhànshì, zhùmíng de wúchǎn jiējí zuò jiā zhōngyú yǔshìchángcí. Tā liú xià de zuìhòu de zuòpǐn, shì yī běn gěi háizimen kàn de shū:“Kē chá jīn de xìngfú”.At the age of seventeen, Ostrovsky took the lead in participating in the construction of a railway branch of the arduous work. In the railway site, many people were bad conditions, disease and gang attack took life.Ostrovsky clenched his teeth and worked hard. But at the time of completion, his knees are swollen, struggling, and infected with typhoid fever, unconscious, was sent back home. In the mother care, he barely survived. After returning to the factory, he was working while he was studying. Injured body, can not stand too hard, health is getting worse, he was sent to the nursing home for physical therapy. The condition improved slightly, and returned to Kiev, and together with many members of the Communist Youth League, in the knee without deep, biting cold water to rescue the wood, he fell ill again. At the age of eighteen, the Medical Appraisal Committee issued a first-class disability certificate for him! But he concealed and continued to ask for work.
Teenager
Nikolai Alekseyevich Ostrovsky is a Russian, but his birthplace is in Ukraine. Father in 1877 when the Russian War was an artillery, after retirement has been no fixed work, had to the winery when the seasonal workers have been in the village or the city odd jobs. Also had five years postman. He went to Petersburg, served military service, contact with the progress of college students, know some revolutionaries and the tsar to fight the story. The poverty of the year made his temper very bad, often after drinking home and scolded his wife and children. Mother was born poor, young age had to go to people to work, goose, vegetables, care for children. They gave birth to six children after marriage, died two. Ostrovsky is the smallest, with two sisters and one brother. Mother in addition to doing housework with children, but also for others to do needle and thread, to the rich when the maid, every day tired of the waist are straight up, only five rubles per month. Ostrovsky was forced to drop out of school because of his family poverty and a three-year book in a village church elementary school. Soon, he sojourned as a forest guard's grandfather's house, for people to put the horse.
The outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Ostrovsky, fled to the small town of the town of Sheppertov. Father found a job at the station, the mother in a tax officer home cooker. After a little stability of life, the mother put just 10-year-old Ostrovsky sent to the town of a primary school. In the school, Ostrovsky was often reprimanded by priests of the Bible class. On one occasion, Ostrovsky thought that the astronomy class teacher's argument about the origin of the earth was different from that of the priest, and went to the priest to ask, and that the priest had made a fire and grabbed his ear Hit his head on his head. Later, Ostrovsky in the priest's home make up classes, quietly in his home for Easter and prepared food sprinkled a gray, unfortunately found by the priest found the principal there, the results, Ostrovsky was dismissed from the school.
In order to survive, 12-year-old Ostrovsky had to go to the station cafeteria to burn water workers. In the hard work, the heart has a strong curiosity of the juvenile through a variety of ways, find a lot of books, began to self-study. One day and a half night, the most tired of Ostrowsky forget to close the faucet, fell asleep on the pile of firewood, and other foreman came in and found the water everywhere, he severely beaten a meal. Ostrovsky's brother learned that, after that, the leader was beaten and swollen, and the result was caught in the gendarmerie for 15 days. Since then, Ostrovsky has more hatred of all the ugly phenomena he saw in his life, and his inner sense of revolt has gradually deepened.
After fourteen years old Ostrovsky into the power plant, to the furnace workers, electricians to start hand, but also dry saw firewood, coal unloading and other chores. He has a very strong curiosity, eager to study, but only on a few years to learn. In school, he not only excellent results, and very active, is a good assistant teacher. He has written a fairy tale, short stories and poetry, published in the students' handwritten “magazine” “youthful colors”. He also likes to play drama, favorite stage to play a heroic role. He dropped out of school several times, mostly because of poverty, and once because of the priest who had violated the teaching of theology. So, the child tried to borrow books, and even let the lunch to the newspaper to eat, in exchange for newspapers and periodicals. He was twelve years old by the Dong Niya recommended reading of the Irish women writer Fu Nichi's masterpiece “Gadfly”, since then, the image of the Gadfly deeply printed in his heart.
Grow in the revolution
On the eve of the October Revolution, Ostrovsky met Fidor and Linnick in the struggle of the Shepherd Traffe to lead the workers. In the two Bolshevik education, Ostrovsky embarked on a revolutionary path.
Shortly after the victory of the revolution, the border town of Perezovska was the German devils and Peter left the bandits army occupation, led by the Revolutionary Committee led by Lin Nico to continue to fight against the enemy. Ostrovsky, while doing the handyman to keep life, while quietly completed Lin Nike to his revolutionary mission.
In the spring of 1919, the commissioner of the Revolutionary Committee, Fedor, was arrested by Peter's bandit army, and only 15-year-old Ostrovsky was lying alone on the way to the prisoners of Pietro, Soldiers, rescued Fredor, but he was arrested and imprisoned. In prison, Ostrovsky was tortured, the bandits removed his age, attempted to shoot him, but fortunately there was a charity bandit army to inspect the prison, Ostrovsky was lucky enough to release. In July the same year, Ostrovsky joined the communist youth group, in August he volunteered to join the Red Army, was incorporated into the Ketovsky Brigade, went to the front. In the fight with the white bandits, Ostrovsky thigh injury, hurt, he joined the prestigious Bujoni first cavalry regiment. After many fights, Ostrovsky became an excellent scout, and many times by the regiment's order awards.
In August 1920, in the battle of the Soviet-Polish war, Ostrovsky was bombarded with the head and abdomen, and was sent to the Kiev Army Hospital after he was unconscious for 13 days. In the medical staff of the rescue, he finally stubbornly overcome the death, but the skull was pierced, his right eye from the blind. Two months later, his injury has not yet fully recovered and asked to go back to the front, but the higher decision to stay in the rear to participate in the anti-corruption committee work. Soon, in order to take care of his body, the provincial Communist Youth League sent him to the Kiev railway factory, responsible for the work of the Communist Youth League.
In the autumn of 1921, due to the passive slowdown of the leaders of the Railway Forestry Commission, coupled with the destruction of Peter's bandits, the severe lack of fuel in Kiev. In order to solve the fuel problem, the higher authorities decided to build a straight railroad at the Bogulkar station near Kiev. Ostrovsky, regardless of physical weakness, led a team of Communist Youth League members, day and night fighting in the snow on the construction site. When the project is about to complete, the thin Ostrovsky suffering from severe typhoid fever, complicated with large leaf pneumonia, the body temperature rose sharply. The superiors sent a squad to send the dying Ostrovsky home. When his relatives took him off the carriage, he thought he was dead. However, he was bed more than a month later, and finally the fourth victory over death.
Iron and steel is so made
August 3, 1924, Ostrovsky joined the Communist Party, when he was only 20 years old. Then he served as secretary of the Communist Youth League Patekov card to the Committee and the Warren State League Committee and other duties. As he often worked day and night, his body finally collapsed down. The doctor thought that his anterior spine had been wounded and the central nervous system had been seriously injured.Despite the organization on his doubly caring, but in the end, 23-year-old Ostrovsky or paralyzed the whole body.
In April 1930, Ostrovsky and his wife moved to Moscow, living in a secluded alley in Krupptkin Street. In autumn, he began to create “how steel is made”. Under the care of the party and the organization, he was equipped with secretaries and typists, so that his writing speed greatly improved. In just one year, the book was finished. In April 1932, in the “Youth Guards” magazine began to serial “steel is how to make”. In 1934, the book was officially published, and then at home and abroad caused a strong reaction. Some well-known domestic and famous writers have written to Ostrovsky expressed high respect, the old writers Tu La Fei Mo Weiwei and Lenin's siblings are deliberately rushed to Ostrovsky where the nursing home, Congratulate him.
“Iron and steel is how to make” Since the publication of 20 years, only in the Soviet Union will use 43 kinds of national language published more than 150 times. Ostrovsky became the world famous proletarian writer. In particular, the book hero Paul Kocha Jin in the hometown of martyrs before the tomb of a monologue, became the motto of millions of young people: “The most precious thing is life.” This life, people can only get a person's life should be This time: when he recalls the past, he will not because of wasted years of regret and regret, but also because of the past mediocrity and shame; in the time of death, he can say: my whole life and all the energy, are Has been dedicated to the world 's most magnificent cause - for the liberation of mankind.
In April 1936, Ostrovsky's father died, two months later, he admired the great proletarian writer Golgi's death, this series of attacks to Ostrovsky's condition deteriorated dramatically. December 22, the strong Bolshevik warrior, the famous proletarian writer finally died. The last thing he left was a book to the children: “Kochkin's happiness.”