书信格式分一般格式和特殊格式。一般来说,英文书信包括:信头 (Heading)、日期(Date)、收信人姓名及地址(Inside Name and Address)、称呼 (Salutation)、信文(Body of the letter)、结束语(Complimentary close)、署名(Signature)和附 言(P.S.)。
英语作文格式之逐项介绍及注意事项
就英语作文书信格式而言,蓝天外语的老师给出了介绍。信头,指的是写信人的地址。但是,地址的写法与中文的有区别,顺序应该从小到大。写日期的时候应注意,年份要写完整,月份除了May, July外,其他的月份可以使用缩写,但是不能使用数字来表示。写收信人姓名及地址的时候要注意使用称号,如对普通男子用Mr,对未婚女子用Miss,对已婚女子用Mrs等。称呼是指对收信人的称呼,一般会使用Dear….信文是信的主要内容,也是信的主体部分。署名的时候一般使用Yours, ….附言是当写信人突然想起还有事情要说的时候,在信的署名下面写上P.S., 然后写上要补充的内容即可。
A 信头(Heading)英语作文写信格式
英文书信通常由下列五个部门构成:
信头包罗写信人地点和写信日期,通常写在信笺的右上角。在比力熟识的朋侪之间的通讯,写信人的地点常可略去。本课的信头就只写了写信日期,而没有写信人的地点。日期通常有下列两种定法:
(a)月、日、年:如August 一五, 二零零__
(b)日、月、年:如一五th august, 二零零__
地点的写法通常是由小到大,如:门牌号、街道名、市(县)名、省名、国名(邮政编码通常写在都会名之后)。这同中文书信的地点写法完全相反。地点可以写一~三行,日期写在地点的下方(见信笺款式)。
地点的写法通常是由小到大,如:门牌号、街道名、市(县)名、省名、国名(邮政编码通常写在都会名之后)。这同中文书信的地点写法完全相反。地点可以写一~三行,日期写在地点的下方(见信笺款式)。
B 称谓(Salutation)英语作文写信格式
称谓指写信人对收信人的称谓,如Dear Xiaojun,写在信头的下方和信笺的右边。称谓一样平常用Dear…或My dear…扫尾,称谓后一样平常用逗号。
地点要由小到大。
b.朋侪间的信函无需加上写信人地点和收信人地点。
c.称谓语用Dear+姓(正式),Dear+名(朋侪间)。十分任意的函件可直呼其名。
d.末端语或竣事语可凭据现实环境用:
Looking forward to hearing from you.
Looking forward to seeing you.
(With)best wishes/regards!
All the best!
Good Luck!
Give my best wishes/regards to……!
e.题名也分正式与非正式两种:英语作文写信格式
正式:“Yours sincerely,”、“Yours faithfully, ”或“Sincerely yours,”、“Faithfully yours. ”
非正式,朋侪间等:“Love, ”大概“Yours ever, ”
关键词: 大学英语四级考试 应用文 书信 写作特点 技巧
根据大学英语四级考试大纲的要求,写作部分(Writing)占15%。大学英语考试四级作文的体裁有五类:议论文、说明文、应用文、记叙文和描写文。但在实际考试中,一般只考议论文和应用文两种体裁,而书信是大学英语四级考试应用文中经常考的一种形式。
1.英文书信的组成
1.1信头(Heading)
信头是指发信人的地址和日期,通常写在第一页的右上角。行首可以齐头写,也可以逐行缩进写。地址的书写顺序由小到大:门牌号、街道、城市、省(州)、邮编、国名,最后写发信日期。私人信件一般只写寄信日期即可。例如:
289 Heping Road
Nanshan District
Nanjing 210000
Jiangsu Province
P.R.C.
October 1,2010
1.2信内地址(Inside Address)
信内地址要写收信人的姓名和地址。在公务信件中要写明这一项,在私人信件中,这一项常常省略。该项写在写信日期下一行的左上角,格式与寄信人地址一样。
1.3称呼(Salutation)
称呼是对收信人的称谓,应与左边线对齐,写在收信人姓名、地址下面1-2行处。在称呼后,英国人常用逗号,美国人则常用冒号。在私人信件中可直呼收信人的名字,但在公务信件中一定要写收信人的姓。大部分信件在称呼前加“Dear”。如:
Dear Dr.Green:
Dear Dr.Smith:
对不相识的人可按性别称呼:
Dear Sir:
Dear Madam:
Dear Ladies:
如果不知收信人的性别则可用Dear Sir or Madam。
1.4正文(Body of Letter)
正文是书信的主体。英文书信的正文的开头直接说明写信人的身份及写信的目的,然后提出写信人的情况、想法或要求,并加以必要的解释或说明。英文书信陈述目的时,应该直截了当,意思明确,层次清楚,言简意赅。
1.5结尾礼词(Complimentary Close)
公务信件的结尾礼词包含两部分:发信人的结尾套语与署名。结尾套语写在签名上面一行,第一个字母要大写,套语结尾后面要加逗号。在公务信件中,发信人常用的结尾套语如下:
Yours truly,Yours sincerely,Respectfully yours,Cordially yours,Yours cordially等。
在私人信件中,发信人常用的结尾套语如下:
Sincerely yours,Lovely yours,Your lovely,Your loving son/daughter等。
1.6签名(Signature)
写信人的签名常位于结尾礼词正下方一二行。除非是给很熟悉的人写信,签名一般须写出全名。签名常常较潦草,不易辨认,因此在签名的正下方须打印出全名。
2.写作步骤
在大学英语四级考试中一般要求考生根据提纲写一封英文书信,如2005年1月四级作文、2004年6月四级作文、2004年1月四级作文。对这类题型,通常分为5个步骤来写:
第一段,文章开头:称呼。
第二段,寒暄语句,引出写信的目的。
寒暄句+主题句(注:寒暄句和主题句可以是同一个句子)。
第三段,根据提纲扩展主体段落,主题句+扩展句1+扩展句2+扩展句3。
第四段,表明自己的观点,并结束书信主体段落,在最后要他谈自己的看法。
第五段,寒暄句+落款。
下面我们再来看一封投诉信(Letter of ;解释详细的情况;把请求具体化,以及希望收信人采取行动的日期等。例如:
Aug.1,2010
Dear Sir or Madam:
I’m writing to complain about a typewriter I bought seven months ago.
In January of 2010 I bought a Jones Typewriter,Portable Special Model,at ABC Store,I had used it only a few days when the space bar broke.
I took it to a local shop,they told me it was factory defect and suggested I take it back to ABC.ABC accepted the machine and sent the part in.I waited two months,and since your company did not send a replacement,they let me have the space bar from another typewriter.
Now,five months later,it has broken again.I took it back to ABC.They are no longer carrying your typewriter,but they assured me that the guarantee is still good and suggested that I write you for further instructions as to what steps to take.
I will appreciate anything you can do to help us on this matter.
Respectfully,
Tom Smith
本文结构如下:1.写信日期 称呼;2.正文第一段:表明写信的目的;3.第二段:具体说明购买产品的时间、地点及出现的问题;4.第三段:说明尝试的解决方法;5.第四段:说明尝试的解决方案无效,请求帮助;6.结尾礼词及签名打印的姓名。
从上面的例子可见,书信作文不仅给出正文部分的内容的提纲,而且还给出书信各部分的结构的框架。也就是说,我们只要考虑如何表达提纲部分的内容,而不用考虑书信的结构。在写书信作文时,首先要把书信正文的提纲内容细化,扩展成更细的英文提纲,然后用简洁、明了、礼貌、正确和得体的语言表达出细化了的提纲内容。掌握了以上书信写作特点及技巧后,考生在考试时如果遇到此类作文就能从容应对,从而取得满意的成绩。
参考文献:
March 26th, 2009
Dear Cathy,
I like your program very much. It has a lot of interesting stories, attractive games and popular English songs. From your program we can learn many new words and expressions. We can improve our listening and speaking in English .We can also know more about the culture of other countries in the world. In a word, we learn a lot from your program.
I‘m sorry to tell you that I can’t follow you easily sometimes because you speak little bit fast. It‘s also a pity that we can only watch your program twice a week.
Thank you for giving us a lot of fun! I wish your program a bright future!
Yours sincerely
WangPing
(二)电子邮件(e-mail)
To: Kayla
Cc: None
Subject: Re: Pen-pal wanted
Hello, Kayla,
I’m Mike. I am 15 years old. I‘m glad to know that you would like to have a pen-pal. I also want to find a pen-pal from the Internet. When I’m free, I like to listen to the music, go hiking and play basketball. I‘m good at English and art .We can learn from each other and be good friends. I hope to hear from you often.
关键词:民族心理;藏汉作家;汉语写作
语言作为民族心理的核心要素,尽管早已被学者所认识到,但是对二者关系的深入研究一直没有得到重视。民族的不同决定着民族文化心理的不同,民族文化心理差异影响着不同民族作家在写作语言上的差异。本文以民族文化心理为切入点,探讨分析了这一心理现象对当代藏汉作家汉语写作的影响。通过这种分析,为藏汉作家汉语写作存在的差异提供一定的认识。
一、藏汉民族文化心理特征及成因分析
民族文化心理的形成受民族、社会文化、历史地理等因素影响,特定的民族文化环境造就特定的民族文化心理。藏汉两个民族的民族文化环境造就了两个民族不同的民族文化心理。藏族主流文化是藏传佛教文化。藏传佛教文化以积累善行求得来世的幸福、修行佛法来减轻罪孽、忠于个人信仰、尊重自然为主要特征,因此,在这种文化背景下,藏族人民的民族文化心理与敬佛、行善等词语密切相关。
二、藏汉作家汉语写作语言的差异及其原因
藏汉两民族不同的文化历史背景孕育了不同的民族文化心理,而民族文化心理差异又塑造了不同的文学写作语言。
(一)句子结构
汉族作家句子中的语病较少,而藏族作家或多或少都有一些语病方面的错误,大作家也不例外。例如,著名作家扎西达娃在《自由人契米》有这么一句话,“我一直想弄明白,我家那些木碗的实际价值,它们一定象征着什么。也许能碰上一个外来的云游大师会告诉我。”
(二)错别字
藏汉两族的作家经受的教育不同,汉族作家对藏语知之甚少,对汉语的了解更多,而藏族作家以藏语为母语,对汉语的学习和使用认同程度较低,因此,在汉语写作中,汉语作家很少会出现错别字,但不少藏族作家却不可避免地使用错误的汉字。
(三)语气词
现代汉语中的语气词是必不可少的一部分。藏汉作家在人物的语言描写中使用得都比较准确,但在心理描写方面,藏族作家会不自觉地添加多余的语气词。例如:白玛娜珍《送酥油》对自己的心理描写:“我答应着,猜他这回是来借酒还是戒烟呢?”此句中的“呢”字用得并不恰当。此句可改为“猜他这回是来借酒呢,还是戒烟呢”或者直接去掉“呢”字。
三、写作语言差异对文化交流和文学发展的影响
。由此可见,在现实的文学创作和文化交流中,藏族作家因为藏民族比较固守藏传佛教影响下的传统的民族文化心理。因此,在今后文学的创作和发展中,藏汉民族双方作家首先应该充分了解并部分认同对方的民族文化,并不断提升自己的语言标准,充分考虑藏汉两族读者的语言水平,做到易于理解,对于读者的疑问及时解答,并根据读者反馈改进作品。
参考文献:
[1]关于写作心理语言的思考.中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2011,6.
英语作文题目
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to express your thanks to one of your friends who helped you most when you were in difficulty。 You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words。
范文一:
Dear brother,
I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude for thecontinuous assistance you offered to me these years。
On the one hand, your generous help made it possible that I can gain a splendid academic achievement in my study career。 It is because of your encouragement that now I can study in one of the leading universities of our country, and serve as chairman of Student Union。 On the other hand, with your help,Icould get along well with my friends and have good cooperation with other members during work.I will always remember your kindness and painstaking labor.Besides, It is really an honor for me to be your sister and I will cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go。
In a word, my appreciation to you is beyond words。 In the years to come, I will make more effort to repay your kindness and refresh ourfamily affection。
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
范文二:
Dear teacher,
I am writing to express my appreciation for the generous help you rendered to me since I entered this university。
On the one hand, it is because of your encouragement and continuous assistance that now I have obtained a splendid academic achievement in my study career, and serve as chairman of Student Union。 On the other hand, with your help,Icould get along well with classmates and have good cooperation with other members during work.I will always remember your kindness and painstaking labor.It is really an honor to be your student, and I will cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go。
In a word, my heartfelt gratitude to you is beyond words。 In the years to come, I will study harder to repay your kindness and make more progress。
。。。
1、符合受众阅读心理
传播学的使用与满足理论证明,受众接触媒体都是基于特定的需求动机,是为了满足信息、娱乐、视觉、心理等方面的需求,而受众只对那些能引起其兴趣的信息感兴趣。。
2、图文并茂画龙点睛
新闻照片侧重形象直观地告诉人们发生了什么,照片说明则是对新闻背景、新闻内容的解释和说明,照片和文字说明必须相互补充,才能相得益彰。。
。。。?
1、简洁明快
。。
2、要素齐全
WHEN(何时发生?)、WHERE(何地发生?)、WHO(谁?)、WHAT(发生了何事?)和 WHY(何故?)。。如:
Chinese President Hu Jintao (L) inspects an honour guard with Italian President Azeglio Ciampi in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing 06 December 2004. Ciampi is on a six-day official visit to China.AFP PHOTO/Peter PARKS/Dec.6,2004
3、生动活泼
。 photo shows...”之类的八股模式。前后说明用语要尽量避免重复,句子结构和单词也要注意调节变化,给人造成抑扬顿挫的节奏感。
。。
1、时态以一般现在时为主
。。如:
German Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder (left) toasts with Premier Wen Jiabao in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing yesterday. Schroeder started his three-day visit in Beijing and will also travel to Northeast China's Changchun.
China Daily,Dec.7,2004
2、分词短语居多
。如:
Rescuers clear the way after a major collision yesterday on the Yangzhou section of Beijing-Shanghai Expressway. More than 20 vehicles bumped each other because of heavy fog, killing one and injuring 20.
China Daily, Oct.22, 2004
3、主动语态为主,主谓宾结构常见
。。
A worker smashes gambling machines with a hammer yesterday at Yangpu Stadium in Shanghai. Yangpu District launched a campaign against gambling and confiscated 475 machines.
China Daily,Dec.7,2004
4、场景在先,背景居后
。。。
5、由人物引出新闻事件的两种特殊表达
。。;。
Israell-Aran textile worker Azzam Azzam (center), jailed in Egypt for eight years is surrounded by his family as he arrives home in the Israeli village of Mughar yesterday. Egypt sent the spy home after eight years in jail and Israel released six Egyptian infiltrators on Sunday in the clearest sign of warming of relations strained by the Palestinian uprising.
Reuters, Dec.7, 2004
A security officer stands guard at the main entrance to Chanel Ginza Building on Thursday. The French fashion brand's 10-story flagship store will open in Tokyo's glitzy shopping district today.
AP, Dec.7, 2004
。 security 。
6、避免重复用词
。。。。
7、解释性说明不可少
。。此类处理手法在英文报刊上比比皆是,如:
An elderly couple enjoy the snow-covered landscape in Nanjing, capital of East China's Jiangsu Province, yesterday. A snowfall overnight Wednesday brought chilly weather and fresh air to the city.
China Daily, Dec.31, 2004
新年英语作文(1)
When the orientation of the bell, the whole world is boiling, people Shouting: "in the New Year New Year arrived." Continuous firecrackers resounded through the whole of the sky, boundless fireworks exploded flower, like a meteor shower began to fall. Dark night suddenly become colorful, is permeated with thick beaming.
Flow, the crowd in the street like a sea of pentium, moving forward. Everyone's a sweet smile on her face, the little children with hands tightly grabbed a wide variety of helium balloons, chasing behind their parents. Ubiquitous lanterns, matches the eye red, like a small sun, radiation. The ground filled with flowers and blooming, red red, yellow, yellow, white, white, purple, purple is mind-boggling. The peach blossom, traditional auspicious cuckoo, represents the elegant tulips, symbol of health chrysanthemum. Trying to outshine each other. To faint scent in the wind, is invigorating, eliminate the fatigue problems as well. All kinds of flowers, auspicious name, bright color, pure and fresh fragrance, let us so love. Lily together gently up to, and how small it is lovely, tender and white petals, like the baby's face, it feels soft and slippery. The leaf is also very nice lily, green, they picked out with white. It filled up with orange trees, attracted many people's attention, every little oranges, against the night sky, seemed so bright. Cheerful with carefully selected orange tree home, prosperous, who do not love? !
Look at that, zhongshan road, a chrysanthemum cut into the fish alive, wide mouth looked up at the sky, as if in the day. On both sides of the fin, waving gently in the wind, like is going to move. Looked at the lifelike fish, can not help but think of it: the moral of every year. It's there, really adds a lot of Chinese New Year atmosphere!
On the way home, everywhere is decorated, with the Spring Festival couplets on both sides of the door of every household, always let I can't help but want to read. The door is put on the orange trees and flowers, just stay quietly, but still let a person feel beaming. Reference great poet wang anshi's poems "find Tong Tong, always put the new peach in old operator" to represent the scene again.
The end of last year, means the beginning of a new, gently shut down 2015 of the world, is opening 2016 slowly. The New Year, carrying our dream too much, let us fly wings, freedom of flying, I am looking forward to the sunrise that a brand new day!
当迎新的钟声敲响时,整个世界都沸腾了,人们高喊着:“新年到了,新年到了。”连续不断的爆竹声响彻了整个天空,漫天的焰火炸开了花,就像下起了流星雨一样。昏暗的夜晚顿时变得五光十色,洋溢着浓浓的喜气。
街上的人群川流不息,像一片奔腾的大海,涌动着。每个人的脸上都露出了甜蜜的笑容,小孩子们用小手紧紧地拽住各式各样的氢气球,追赶在父母的身后。随处可见的灯笼,红的直逼眼球,就像一个个小太阳,放射着光芒。地上堆满的花朵,尽情的绽放,红的红,黄的黄,白的白,紫的紫,令人眼花缭乱。传统的桃花,寓意吉祥的杜鹃,代表高雅的郁金香,象征健康的。争奇斗艳。随风飘来的淡淡清香,令人心旷神怡,消除了疲劳也带走了烦恼。各种各样的花,吉祥的名字,鲜艳的颜色,清新的香味,让我们如此喜爱。轻轻地凑上去,百合花是多么的小巧可爱,嫩白的花瓣就像小宝宝的脸一样,摸起来嫩嫩的、滑滑的。百合的叶子也特别好看,绿油油的,衬托着那朵朵洁白。那摆满的桔子树,吸引了众多人的眼球,每一个小桔子,在夜空的映衬下,都显得那么明亮。兴高采烈的端着精心挑选的桔子树回家,大吉大利,有谁不爱?!
看那,兴中道上,一条用切成的鱼儿活灵活现,张大的嘴巴仰望着天空,仿佛在对天长啸。两旁的鱼鳍,在风中轻轻舞动,就像快要游动起来了一样。望着那惟妙惟肖的鱼儿,不禁会想到它的寓意:年年有余。它的存在,还真增添了不少过年的气氛啊!
回家的路上,到处是张灯结彩,家家户户的门两侧都贴上了春联,总让我忍不住想要去读出。门口摆放上的桔子树和花,只是静静的待着,但还是让人感觉喜气洋洋的。引用大诗人王安石的一句诗“千门万户曈曈日,总把新桃换旧符”来表现这一场景再合适不过了。
旧年的结束,意味着崭新的开始,轻轻的关闭2015的世界,慢慢地敞开2016的大门。新的一年,承载着我们太多的梦想,让我们放飞翅膀,自由的翱翔,我期待着日出那崭新的一天!
新年英语作文(2)
Distant bells, off a memorable yesterday; Crispy crackers, heralded a new era. Mountain, spring accumulation in the depression; Water, under the frozen the billow to west; Life, just in this continue refining extract; Hope that spread in the germinal now. New Year is coming, the pace towards the streets, the fields, the harmonious urban villages, great river north and south. Tune is my biggest wish in the heart, above is the only wealth in front of my eyes!
New Year begins, we shine the sky with hope, across all the clouds on the sky, it is waving the banner of progress. We use power across the earth, and the fresh wind blows the earth, that is the pace of progress of eager feelings.
Harmony belongs to the steps.
In the New Year, there is a starting point that call, have a kind of journey called eagerly, have a kind of speed that transcend, have a kind of rhythm called halma. In China, the pace of progress is so sonorous and forceful. The composition
New Year begins, in front of the pace, we have our own sweat and pay, with harmony and magnificent, with pride and happiness! The pace of belongs to the unity of harmony.
The New Year, is in our hands. Because, we have opened the first page table calendar, the good wishes for a note into the thick, New Year's day, with the power of a year a new starting point. The New Year, is in our hands. Because we control the new verb: vision, overlooking, plan, listening, waiting and change. We listen to the storm of the past, and listen to the song of the New Year, listen to your heartbeat, listen to the pace of the harmonious society, and listen to sweat surge wave, listening to the sound of good news to fly. We accompany with these verbs. We look forward to the eleventh five-year plan. Before the threshold of the first year, we held his head high, walk together hold and firm confidence and extraordinary perseverance. The composition
We look at the beauty of the year, grazing and a piece of sunshine. In the first place, the heart shout out spring greetings, then pick up the read pen depict the blueprint of heart. Good news waiting for us. We change with the New Year, meet a year of good news... The pioneers of the New Year, I am your time. A second, I also cross. The motherland, I am your blood wayfarers. A drop of, I also go beyond.
In China, in the New Year auspicious sign, every day is very solemn, dignified one heart to a place called the rhythm of advancing with The Times.
In the market tide, practice a kind of idea, to create a kind of value, in both inside and outside the Great Wall and in the end of the world, can be a model in the market; In science realm, unlock a proposition, design a brand, no matter in the up and down the river or on the camels jiangnan, can be a hero of the independent innovation. The motherland, everywhere have my stage, everywhere have wayfarers of the shore! Along the tang poetry, we write beautiful chapter of the New Year; Along the silk road, our pursuit of the market economy. Let us in the New Year's hard work, tenacious distances!
A second, I also cross. I am your time in Portland, New Year! A drop of, I also go beyond. I am in your blood wayfarers, our motherland! Reflected which belongs to the most beautiful heart and soul.
Cultivation of the New Year. In ruling ability, the New Year how many, the seeds of wisdom, sweat and innovation has, how many flowers, fruits and applause and how many.
In the New Year, a chamber enthusiasm is the starting point of the seeds, but also a starting point of the road; Walk the line is the starting point of people, is also the starting point. With beautiful dress up in the New Year. In the land of hope, into the prosperous policy, reform and opening to the outside through the long march. All the wisdom and potential burst, blossom and bear fruit in sweat; All the power and drive out, thrive in harmony. The yearning heart, one step one step forward; To hard pads under their feet, step by step forward, beauty is a flower bursting in sight, the New Year with heart. Before the New Year, drunk is not only a heart!
Heart belongs to the most beautiful and stretch of beauty...
悠远的钟声,送走了一个难忘的昨天;清脆的爆竹,宣告了一个崭新的纪元。山,在萧条中把春光积淀;水,在冰封下把清波潋滟;生机,就在这继往的凝练里提取;希望,就在这开来的生发上焕然。新年走来了,步伐迈进大街小巷、田间地头,和谐充满城市乡村,大江南北。合拍是我心中最大的愿望,超越是我眼前惟一的财富!
新年开始了,我们用希望擦亮天空,天空上飘过朵朵云彩,那是前进的旗帜挥舞的情景。我们用力量横扫大地,大地上吹过清新之风,那是前进的步伐展现的热切情怀。
和谐属于整齐的步伐。
在新年,有一种起点叫呼唤,有一种征程叫热切,有一种速度叫超越,有一种节奏叫豪迈。在中国,前进的步伐就是如此铿锵和有力。作文
新年开始了,在步伐面前,我们拥有汗水和付出,拥有和谐和雄壮,更拥有自豪和幸福!步伐属于统一的和谐。
新年,掌握在我们手上。因为,我们亲手翻开第一页台历,把美好的祝福注进厚厚的新年,用一年的力量修饰崭新的起点。新年,掌握在我们手上。因为,我们掌握着新年的动词:憧憬、眺望、计划、倾听、等待和变化。我们倾听过去的风雨,倾听新年的歌声,倾听自己的心跳,倾听和谐社会的步伐,倾听汗水汹涌的浪潮,倾听捷报飞翔的声音。我们与这些动词相伴。我们憧憬“十一五”规划。在第一年的门槛前,我们高高地昂起头来,一同昂起的还有坚定的信心和不平凡的毅力。作文
我们眺望一年的美景,放牧一片又一片阳光。在第一时间,用心喊出春天的问候,然后,拿起如椽之笔描绘心中的蓝图。捷报在等我们。我们和新年一起变化,迎接一年的捷报……新年,我是你时光里的开拓者。一秒,也是我的跨越。祖国,我是你血液里的跋涉者。一滴,也是我的超越。
在中国,在新年的吉祥如意里,每一个日子都很凝重,凝重得一心向着一个叫做与时俱进的节奏。
在市场大潮里跋涉,实践一种理念,创造一种价值,不论在长城内外还是在天涯海角,都能做一名征战市场的模范;在科学王国里跋涉,解开一个命题,设计一个品牌,不论在大河上下还是在塞北江南,都能做一名自主创新的英雄。祖国,到处都有我的舞台,到处都有跋涉者的彼岸!沿着唐诗宋词,我们书写新年美好的篇章;沿着丝绸之路,我们追求市场经济的辉煌。就让我们在新年里奋力开拓、顽强跋涉吧!
一秒,也是我的跨越。我是你时光里的开拓者,新年!一滴,也是我的超越。我是你血液里的跋涉者,祖国!人杰地灵最美属于心灵和心灵的映照。
用心栽培新年。在执政能力照耀下,新年的种子有多少,智慧、汗水和创新便有多少,鲜花、果实和掌声便有多少。
1、 自我介绍;2、 祝贺苏琳生日;3、 感谢工作人员;4、 索取苏琳三岁生日照。
注意:
1、词数100左右;2、可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;3、开头语已为你写好。
例文:
Dear Sir/Madam,
Greetings from China!
I’m Li Hua, a student in Sichuan. I’ve been a panda lover since I was a child. About three years ago I was delighted to learn that Baiyun gave birth to her daughter Sulin and I’ve been watching her grow on your website,. Now she’s going to be three. I’d like to wish her a happy birthday and to express my thanks to you for your hard work, because of which Sulin and her parents are living a happy and healthy life in the US.
By the way, could I have a photo of Sulin taken on her third birthday? Thank you very much in advance.
Yours truly,
Li Hua
好词
1.delighted adj.欣喜的,快乐的 2.express v.表达 3.give birth to v.产生,生育
好句
[关键词]语境;文体风格;商务英语信函;制约
[中图分类号]H030
[文献标识码]A
[文章编号]1005-6432(2008)48-0158-02
语言学家Halliday提出了“语域”的概念。Halliday & 。语场/话语范围是语体使用的领域或范围,它与语言的概念功能相关联;语式/话语方式是交际中语体使用的方式或渠道,它与语言的语篇功能相关联;语旨/话语基调有两层含义:一是语言使用者的地位和相互间的关系,二是语言使用者使用某一语体的意图。这三方面综合起来就相当于言语环境。如果缺乏敏感的“语境”意识,我们就可能在商务英语信函写作中选择错误的语境,混淆不同的语境,笑话百出。下面我们来探讨一下商务英语信函写作的语境问题和语境制约下的文体风格及特征。
1 语境在商务英语信函写作中的体现
商务英语,是在商务活动中使用的专门用途英语。其特定的交际环境、交际对象、交际主题对语言的使用范围、方式和风格会产生特定的影响,反映在商务信函写作上便形成了它与众不同的语境。首先,商务信函英语的话语范围是商务,它涉及商务活动的各个环节、各个场所。商务活动牵涉面广,如金融、保险、运输、法律等领域,信函、传真、电子邮件、备忘录等商务英语书面交流伴随着商务活动各个环节,贯穿商务活动的始终。。这种意识、心态和行为准则在商务英语信函中留下了简洁朴素、委婉客气的文体特征,构成了商务信函英语的语式/话语方式。
2 语境制约下的商务英语信函的文体风格及特征
商务英语特殊的语境决定了商务英语信函独特的文体特点:目的性强,文体多样,语体较正式,选词恰当、精确,讲究礼貌用语,意思清晰,行文简约。具体表现如下:
2.1 词汇使用
(1)用词规范正式。虽然随着人们生活节奏的加快,商务信函也有口语化和非正式化的趋势。但因为“商务信函不是私事和私人活动,而是有关双方组织以及组织与公众利益的事与活动,有明确的公关目的和经济目的”,所以英文商务信函往往使用书面词汇和正式词汇取代基本词汇或口语词汇。
(2)表意准确、专业性强。商务信函涉及商务合作的各个环节以及各个环节中的各种单据,协议,合同等,因此商务信函的用词要求准确,同时表现一定的专业性,所以商务信函中大量使用专业术语,行话,专业缩略语。
(3)语言简练朴素、淡于修饰。商贸信函的主要功能是传递信息,洽谈业务,达成交易。因此要求信函语言易懂、朴实平易。竞争激烈和节奏加快的现代国际商场非常讲究工作效率,商贸人员无暇在遣词造句上斟酌再三,而使用简单朴素的日常词能够方便交易双方理解和接受,少用修饰语有助于直截了当地表达主题内容,避免中心的转移。例如:Accordingly,we will expect the full payment of $5,403 plus 6.5% interest due on July1,2000.We look forward to doing business with Smith Advertising in the future上述信函的用词特点充分显示出商务英语信函既注重信息传达的准确性和纪实性,又注重信息高效传达的简洁性和时效性。
(4)用词礼貌客气。由于商务英语信函直接关系到业务的成败得失,因此礼貌用语和客气措辞在商务信函中使用频繁,因为这直接体现了写信人自身的素质,同时还有利于树立企业的良好形象,并为业务双方营造友好的气氛,有利于建立良好的业务合作关系。“用词礼貌客气”在英文信函中表现得非常突出。在收到对方信函时,不管是否接受,都要使用礼貌的语言表示谢意;在传递令人满意的信息时,措辞要讲究客气;在提供可能令对方不满意的信息或向对方表示不满时更要注意措辞的客气委婉;向对方提出要求或希望时,同样要用礼貌客气的用语。
2.2 语法使用特点
商务英语信函是人们在商务、贸易往来这个特定的语境中使用的文体。在长期的商务交流中形成了一定的规范。此外,撰写商务信函的最终目的是使商贸运作顺利并盈利。要达到这个目的,就要既注重办事效率又注重贸易往来中的社交礼仪。这些在商务英语信函中的语法使用上有充分的体现。
(1)多用陈述句,少用祈使句。在商务语境中,商务信函的双方多为贸易伙伴,彼此的地位应该是平等的,所以英文商务信函中往往使用陈述句表示自己的愿望,这样会使信函的语气委婉,从而树立写信一方的形象,而且这样的语气往往会促成对方采取一定的行动。
祈使句使用透着命令的语气,显得盛气凌人,过于直接,让人感觉不舒服,一般很少用,但是如果能加上表示积极意义的礼貌用词please,就可以使生硬的命令语气变为请求,使它在语气上反倒比陈述句更有礼貌。
(2)多用肯定句,少用否定句。为了表现出友好礼貌的语气,商务英语信函中不宜过多地使用否定。因为如果直接使用否定句,指出对方不能尽如人意的地方或己方无法做到的事情就会给人留下冒昧不敬的印象,有悖于礼貌原则,所以应尽量使用肯定句而非否定句,从而使语气委婉客气。
(3)句式完整,多用复杂句。商务信函属于正式文体,主要为书面语的形式,所以其句式较长。这样的句式结构,可以体现一系列的相互关联、互为因果的条款,一则体现这种问题庄严的风格、严谨的结构和清晰的逻辑条理,二则可以完整地表达外贸业务进行的各种条件,方式或结果,使业务或协议不存在任何漏洞,避免今后可能发生的争端,以维护双方的利益。
命题形式
下面以两道真题为例来介绍这种题型的命题形式。
例1:2011年高考英语全国卷I书面表达
假定你是李华,正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程,遇到一些困难,希望得到学校辅导中心 (Learning Center) 的帮助。根据学校规定,你需书面预约,请按下列要点写一封信:
1. 本人简介;
2. 求助内容;
3. 约定时间;
4.省略; Phone: 12345678)。
注意: 1. 词数100左右;2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;3. 结束语已为你写好。
Dear Sir/Madam,
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Look forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
例2:2010年高考英语全国卷II书面表达
假设你是李华,你的美国笔友Peter曾表示希望来中国教书。你校现需招聘外教,请给他写封信,告知招聘信息。内容主要包括:
1. 教授课程:英语口语、英语写作、今日美国、今日英国等
2. 授课对象:高中生(至少三年英语基础)
3. 工作量:
——每周12学时,任选三门课
——担任学生英语俱乐部或英语校报顾问(advisor)
注意:
1. 词数100左右; 2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;3. 开头语已为你写好。
Dear Peter,
I remember you told me you were interested in teaching in China. ______________________________________________________________________
Best,
Li Hua
从这两道题目中考生可以直观地看出,书信题目一般分为三个部分,分别是“背景介绍”“内容要点”和“注意事项”。“背景介绍”部分模拟了一个实际生活中可能存在的情景,告诉考生“为什么需要写这封信”;“内容要点”部分给出这封信中一定要涵盖的三到四个内容点,告诉考生“这封信中要写些什么”;“注意事项”部分给出字数等限制性要求,为考生答题立下一定的规矩。题目中一般会给出称呼语和落款,有时还会给出结束语或开头语。
命题趋势
为什么命题人喜欢选用这种题型呢?。
1. 贴近生活。书信作文比一般的提纲式议论文更加贴近日常生活中的实际交际,符合高考英语大纲“贴近生活”“注重实际运用能力”的要求。
2. 形式规范。和其他几种应用文相比,书信在形式上有着更加明确的写作规范,容易制定统一的评分标准。
3. “题库”完善。书信作文虽无固定“题库”,但过去多年的考试经验已积累了丰富的真题资源,命题专家参考历年各省考过的真题,容易命制高质量的题目。
基于以上三点原因,笔者预计,在今年以及今后几年,书信仍然是高考英语书面表达的命题重点。
解题策略
大体上来说,除了开头的称呼和最后的落款外,书信作文可分开头段、中间段和结尾段三部分来写,既要符合书信的一般套路如要有问候语和祝福语等,又要涵盖写作要求中的内容要点,把问题或事情交代完整。下面具体讲解各段的写法。
1. 开头段
开头段应写出四方面的内容,即问候、自我介绍、写信背景、写信目的。这部分应简洁明快,用几句话交代清上述四方面内容即可。
① 问候。问候是考生交际能力和个人修养的体现,也是写信最基本的套路。如果不对收信人进行简单的问候就开门见山地“就事论事”,会显得突兀和不自然。问候部分很简单,往往一句“How are you?”就能搞定。
② 自我介绍。如果对方不认识你,就有必要写一句自我介绍。自我介绍需要根据题目所给信息来写,一般包括姓名、身份、所在学校等(注意:切不可写出考生自己的真实姓名和所在学校),如在2011年全国卷I书面表达中应简要介绍写信人名叫李华,“正在一所英国学校学习暑期课程”(I'm Li Hua, a Chinese student taking summer courses in your university.)。有时,有的题目还会要求你写兴趣爱好、家庭环境等信息。这时,最佳的写法就是综合运用多种语法知识,用一两句话囊括全部的必要信息,体现考生高水平的语言运用能力。例如:I'm Li Hua, a 17-year-old boy currently studying in Xinhua High School. Born to a family of writers, I'm crazy about reading novels and writing poems.
③ 写信背景。要用一句话交代出“你为什么要写这封信”。此时可参考题目中的“背景介绍”部分,进行简单的翻译或转述。如2011年全国卷I书面表达题目中,“遇到一些困难”就属于写信背景; 2010年全国卷II书面表达题目中,“你的美国笔友Peter曾表示希望来中国教书”“你校现需招聘外教”这两个内容点亦属于写信背景。
④ 写信目的。要用一句话明确指出“你写这封信是为了达成什么目的”。写信目的在题目中的“背景介绍”部分往往都有提示。如2011年全国卷I书面表达题目中的“希望得到学校辅导中心(Learning Center)的帮助”就是写信目的,可写成:Now, I am writing to ask you for help. 2010年全国卷II书面表达题目中的“告知招聘信息”亦为写信目的,可写成:Now, I am writing to tell you about the details.
需要指出的是,如果题目中要求的写信目的不唯一,那么开头段中可不必写出写信目的,而在中间段中具体体现。如2009年山东卷书面表达:
假设你是李华,曾在美国学习半年,现已回国。 。 写一封信:
1. 感谢Tom对你英语学习的帮助;
2. 询问Mr. ;
3. 邀请Tom在春节期间来中国感受中国文化。
注意:1. 词数120~150;2. 可适当增加细节。
在这道题中,虽然“背景介绍”部分提到这封信的主要目的是询问Mr. 。。
根据“写信目的”的不同,书信可分为感谢信、邀请信、建议信、道歉信、自荐信、求助信等,其写信目的的写法各不相同,常用句型列举如下:
感谢信: I am writing to express my heartfelt gratitude to you.
邀请信: I am writing to invite you to join the ... (as our guest/judge).
建议信: I am writing these lines to give you some suggestions.
道歉信: I am writing to express my heartfelt apology to you.
自荐信: I am writing this letter to apply for the job/position.
求助信: I am writing to ask you to do me a favor.
值得一提的是,近年来,书信命题涉及的内容日趋灵活,已经不限于上述常见的书信类型,呈现出“形式变化不多,内容丰富多样”的趋势。。
2. 中间段
书信类作文题目一般都会列出三到四个内容要点。在这些内容要点中,某些次要内容可以写到开头段和结尾段中,但关键的内容点必须独立成段,称为“中间段”。
中间段应按照“具体问题+具体分析”的逻辑思路,写成“要点+拓展”的结构,类似于语文议论文中的“总—分”结构。如2011年全国卷I书面表达中,“求助内容”就应该写成一个独立的中间段落。考生可先写“我在几个方面遇到困难需要求助”(要点),再分别描述这几个困难(拓展)。再如2010年全国卷II书面表达中,三个内容要点可以全部放在中间段来写。
在中间段中,陈述要点难度并不大,只需转述题目中的“内容要点”即可。真正使考生感到困扰的是“拓展”部分!“拓展”一般有两种情况,一种情况是题中用中文给出具体信息,需要考生用英语表达出来(如2010年全国卷II书面表达);另一种情况是题中不给出具体信息,需要考生自己去发挥(如2011年全国卷I书面表达)。
对考生来讲,这两种情况各有利弊。如果是第一种情况,题目中的中文提示往往很难直接翻译成英语,需要考生具有“同义转述”的能力,用自己的语言表达出题目要求的内容,如果逐字翻译很容易闹出一些中式英语笑话;如果是第二种情况,难点在于通过发散思维想到容易表达的内容。不论是哪种情况,多个拓展句之间都要用过渡词相连,形成完整、连贯的信息流。
中间段是文章的主体部分,中间段的质量将直接影响考生分数的高低。上文提到书信可分成感谢信、建议信等多种类型,事实上,每种类型的书信都有其相应的中间段写法,在冲刺备考阶段,考生应精研历年真题及范文,一一掌握每种书信类型的中间段写法。
3. 结尾段
结尾段一般为各种“客套话”。客套话包含感谢、致歉、必要的补充说明、个人愿望、期待回信等等。在交际中,合理地使用客套话可以体现考生的交际能力和个人修养。要想写好结尾段,考生应识记一些常用的客套话写法,例如:
① 再次表达歉意:I would like to apologize to you again for doing sth. (用于道歉信)
② 希望得到某份工作:If the chance were offered to me, I would dedicate all my effort and wisdom to the job. (用于自荐信)
③ 希望对方的问题得到解决:Hopefully, these suggestions will be beneficial and useful for you. (用于建议信)
④ 希望对方能够施予援手:Hopefully, you will be so kind to give me a hand at your earliest convenience. (用于求助信)
⑤ 感谢对方读信:Thank you for taking the time to read my letter. (用于各种书信)
⑥ 期盼对方回信:Sincerely looking forward to your early reply. (用于各种书信)
如果题目中并未给出落款,考生需在书信的结尾写上“Best wishes”以及“Yours truly/sincerely, Li Hua”等,以满足书信格式的要求。
高分范文
基于上述讲解,笔者给出两篇高分范文,希望大家认真揣摩、熟练背诵、活学活用。(由于范文使用了多个高级句型,导致字数偏多,但不影响大家模仿学习。真正考试时按题目中的词数要求来写即可。)
【范文1:2011年全国卷I】
Dear Sir/Madam,
How are you? I am Li Hua, a Chinese student currently taking summer courses in your school. I have been enjoying myself here, but I have some difficulties with my study. So I am writing to ask you to help me.
Here are the problems that have been disturbing me lately. Firstly, living in America for 4 years in my childhood, I am not quite used to your local pronunciation, which sometimes makes it hard for me to understand the teachers. Secondly, our science teacher has recommended so many reference books to us that I find it impossible for me to digest them thoroughly.
I really need your help and suggestions. I will be available this weekend.省略 or call me at 12345678. Hopefully you will be so kind to do me this favor. Thank you for taking the time to read my letter.
Look forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
【范文2:2010年全国卷II】
Dear Peter,
I remember you told me you were interested in teaching in China. The good news is that our school is looking for a native-speaker to teach some courses to senior high students. So, I am writing to tell you about the details.
If you come, you can choose to teach three of the following four courses, including Spoken English, English Writing, Today Britain and Today America. The students who are going to take these courses have at least 3 years of English learning experience. What's more, you will complete only 12 hours' teaching per week, which gives you a lot of spare time to do whatever you want. Additionally, you will also be invited to work as an advisor to our students' English club and our school's English newspaper.
Please drop me a line to let me know if you are interested in this teaching position. If there is anything else I can do for you, please let me know. I'd be more than happy to help.
Best,
Li Hua
书信作文看似难写,但其中自有其规律。希望大家认真领会本文介绍的技巧和策略,彻底掌握这一高考常考题型,取得高考冲刺的最后胜利。